Table 25.
Hazard Ratios for Associations Between PM2.5, NO2, and BC and Natural-Cause Mortality in Seven Administrative Cohorts: ELAPSE Versus Local Exposure Modelsa
| Cohort | PM2.5 HR (95% CI) | NO2 HR (95% CI) | BC HR (95% CI) | O3 HR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELAPSE | Local | ELAPSE | Local | ELAPSE | Local | ELAPSE | Local | |
| Belgian
(N = 5,474,470) |
1.023
(1.011, 1.035) |
0.989
(0.977, 1.001) |
1.001
(0.995, 1.007) |
0.998
(0.992, 1.004) |
1.002
(0.995,1.008) |
1.002
(0.998,1.005) |
1.007
(0.998,1.017) |
0.998
(0.991,1.006) |
| Danish
(N = 3,082,500) |
1.141
(1.118,1.165) |
1.316
(1.254,1.380) |
1.108
(1.097,1.119) |
1.148
(1.124,1.172) |
1.085
(1.074,1.095) |
1.076
(1.037,1.116) |
0.910
(0.895,0.926) |
0.872
(0.851,0.893) |
| Dutch
(N = 10,401,335) |
1.021
(0.999,1.044) |
1.035
(1.018,1.052) |
1.030
(1.019,1.041) |
1.015
(1.005,1.024) |
1.030
(1.019,1.041) |
1.018
(1.009,1.027)b |
0.983
(0.972,0.995) |
NA |
| English
(N = 1,368,740) |
1.023
(1.001,1.045) |
NA | 1.031
(1.021,1.041) |
1.012
(1.005,1.020) |
1.017
(1.007,1.028) |
NA | 0.932
(0.917,0.948) |
NA |
| Norwegian
(N = 1,001,579) |
1.039
(1.020,1.060) |
1.045
(1.018,1.073) |
1.035
(1.022,1.048) |
1.031
(1.019,1.043) |
1.033
(1.019,1.046) |
NA | 0.957
(0.934,0.980) |
NA |
| Roman
(N = 1,263,712) |
1.066
(1.033,1.099) |
1.017
(1.011,1.022)c |
1.028
(1.018,1.038) |
1.024
(1.016,1.033) |
1.031
(1.022,1.041) |
1.004
(0.994,1.014) |
0.964
(0.948,0.981) |
NA |
| Swiss
(N = 4,188,175) |
1.026
(1.015,1.038) |
0.998
(0.983,1.012) |
1.050
(1.041,1.059) |
1.057
(1.047,1.068) |
1.057
(1.048,1.067) |
NA | 0.946
(0.939,0.954) |
NA |
NA = not applicable.
a HR (95% confidence interval) presented for the following increments: PM2.5, 5 μg/m3; NO2, 10 μg/m3; BC, 0.5 × 10–5/m; O3, 10 μg/m3. Main model adjusted for age, sex, year of baseline visit, and cohort-specific individual- and area-level SES variables. Local is a national dispersion model in all cohorts. Danish local exposure model results pending.
b EC (elemental carbon) instead of BC.
c “Local” is a local LUR 2007 for NO2, ESCAPE for BC, a local dispersion model for PM2.5.