Table 4.
Inter- and intra-reliability results between-system, -limb and -device
| Gait conditions | Inter-system reliability | Inter-limb reliability | Test–retest intra-device reliability | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICC¥ | 95% CI | ICC¥ | 95% CI | ICC¥ | 95% CI | |
| Pooled gait conditions | ||||||
| Double limb stance time | 0.96 | 0.94, 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.98 |
| Single limb stance time | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.98 |
| Step length | 0.90 | 0.84, 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.91, 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.96, 0.98 |
| Cadence | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.98 |
| Stride length | 0.93 | 0.89, 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.94, 0.97 |
| Swing time | 0.95 | 0.92, 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.90, 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.86, 0.97 |
| Gait speed | 0.96 | 0.94, 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.97, 0.99 |
| Self-selected gait speed | ||||||
| Double limb stance time | 0.61 | 0.25, 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.59, 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.77, 0.95 |
| Single limb stance time | 0.95 | 0.87, 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.85, 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.79, 0.96 |
| Step length | 0.60 | 0.23, 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.40, 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.57, 0.91 |
| Cadence | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.83, 0.97 |
| Stride length | 0.79 | 0.53, 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.60, 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.62, 0.92 |
| Swing time | 0.83 | 0.62, 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.57, 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.76, 0.95 |
| Gait speed | 0.89 | 0.73, 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.77, 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.80, 0.96 |
| Fixed gait speed 0.8 m/s | ||||||
| Double limb stance time | 0.82 | 0.60, 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.79, 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.72, 0.94 |
| Single limb stance time | 0.97 | 0.92, 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.85, 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.56, 0.91 |
| Step length | 0.56 | 0.18, 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.42, 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.72, 0.94 |
| Cadence | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.80 | 0.57, 0.91 |
| Stride length | 0.79 | 0.54, 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.67, 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.72, 0.95 |
| Swing time | 0.92 | 0.80, 0.96 | 0.74 | 0.45, 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.46, 0.88 |
| Gait speed | 0.76 | 40, 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.38, 0.86 | 0.61 | 0.24, 0.82 |
| Fixed gait speed 2.0 m/s | ||||||
| Double limb stance time | 0.63 | 0.27, 0.83 | 0.72 | 0.42, 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.53, 0.90 |
| Single limb stance time | 0.97 | 0.91, 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.97, 0.99 | 0.86 | 0.68, 0.94 |
| Step length | 0.62 | 0.04, 0.85 | 0.71 | 0.39, 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.66, 0.93 |
| Cadence | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.74, 0.95 |
| Stride length | 0.79 | 0.54, 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.66, 0.93 | 0.72 | 0.41, 0.87 |
| Swing time | 0.91 | 0.79, 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.92, 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.79, 0.96 |
| Gait speed | 0.63 | 0.27, 0.83 | 0.62 | 0.26, 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.62, 0.92 |
| Self-selected gait speed and dual task | ||||||
| Double limb stance time | 0.82 | 0.60, 0.92 | 0.73 | 0.44, 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.84, 0.97 |
| Single limb stance time | 0.96 | 0.89, 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.88, 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.91, 0.98 |
| Step length | 0.62 | 0.25, 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.59, 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.84, 0.97 |
| Cadence | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.95, 0.99 |
| Stride length | 0.76 | 0.48, 0.89 | 0.76 | 0.49, 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.92, 0.98 |
| Swing time | 0.84 | 0.63, 0.93 | 0.77 | 0.50, 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.84, 0.97 |
| Gait speed | 0.87 | 0.70, 0.94 | 0.86 | 0.67, 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.96, 0.99 |
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC); confidence interval (CI). Inter-device reliability was measured between motion capture system (Vicon) and smartphone application (OneStep). Inter-limb reliability was measured between smartphone application device secured onto the left and right limbs. Test–retest intra-device reliability was measured between the smartphone application device on the right thigh between time 1 and time 2
¥< 0.50, poor reliability; 0.50–0.75, moderate reliability; 0.75–0.90, good reliability; > 0.90, excellent reliability