Table 3. Subgroup analysis for the effects of topical application and oral intake of Rosa damascena on adults’ acute pain.
| Variables | Effect sizes (n) | I2 (% of heterogeneity) | Cochran’s Q test | SMD (95%CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Topical application | |||||
| Clinical condition | |||||
| Menstrual-related pain | 1 | - | - | 0.63 (0.03–1.22) | 0.039 |
| Pregnancy-related low back pain | 1 | - | - | -1.10 (-1.59–-0.61) | < 0.001 |
| Aphthous ulcer pain | 2 | 87.0 | 0.006 | 0.45 (-0.53–1.42) | 0.372 |
| Total administration dosage | |||||
| ≤ 39 mL | 3 | 90.6 | < 0.001 | -0.18 (-1.09–0.74) | 0.702 |
| 280 mL | 1 | - | - | 0.97 (0.38–1.56) | 0.001 |
| Total administration duration | |||||
| ≤ 14 days | 3 | 77.1 | 0.013 | 0.49 (-0.14–1.12) | 0.125 |
| 28 days | 1 | - | - | -1.10 (-1.59––0.61) | < 0.001 |
| Administration form | |||||
| Drop | 3 | 90.6 | < 0.001 | -0.18 (-1.09–0.74) | 0.702 |
| Mouthwash | 1 | - | - | 0.97 (0.38–1.56) | 0.001 |
| Study tool | |||||
| VAS | 3 | 90.6 | < 0.001 | -0.18 (-1.09–0.74) | 0.702 |
| Perceived pain rating scale | 1 | - | - | 0.97 (0.38–1.56) | 0.001 |
| Study quality | |||||
| Poor1 | 1 | - | - | -0.03 (-0.42–0.36) | 0.818 |
| Fair2 | 3 | 94.2 | < 0.001 | 0.16 (-1.17–1.48) | 0.883 |
| Oral intake | |||||
| Clinical condition | |||||
| Sexual-related pain | 2 | 88.3 | 0.003 | -0.68 (-1.89–0.53) | 0.270 |
| Menstrual-related pain | 4 | 95.9 | < 0.001 | -0.79 (-1.85–0.27) | 0.143 |
| Post-operative pain | 1 | - | - | 0.62 (0.20–1.04) | 0.004 |
| Total administration dosage | |||||
| ≤ 12 mL | 3 | 93.8 | < 0.001 | -0.07 (-0.92–0.78) | 0.874 |
| ≥ 48 mL | 4 | 94.1 | < 0.001 | -0.94 (-2.12–0.25) | 0.121 |
| Total administration duration | |||||
| ≤ 6 days | 3 | 93.8 | < 0.001 | -0.07 (-0.92–0.78) | 0.874 |
| ≥ 56 days | 4 | 94.1 | < 0.001 | -0.94 (-2.12–0.25) | 0.121 |
| Administration form | |||||
| Soft or hard gelatin capsule | 5 | 84.9 | < 0.001 | -0.07 (-0.60–0.46) | 0.793 |
| Oral drop | 2 | 94.3 | < 0.001 | -1.71 (-3.20–-0.23) | 0.024 |
| Study tool | |||||
| VAS, McGill (0–10 scales) | 4 | 90.8 | < 0.001 | -0.03 (-0.69–0.63) | 0.927 |
| Other | 4 | 94.2 | < 0.001 | -1.29 (-2.69–0.12) | 0.072 |
| Study quality | |||||
| Poor1 | 1 | - | - | 0.62 (0.20–1.04) | 0.004 |
| Fair2 | 3 | 95.0 | < 0.001 | -1.12 (-2.42–0.19) | 0.094 |
| Good3 | 3 | 88.6 | < 0.001 | -0.38 (-1.19–0.44) | 0.363 |
I2: statistic value; McGill: McGill pain questionnaire; n: number; SMD: standardized mean difference; VAS: visual analog scale.
1Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool: High risk of bias in one item and unclear risk of bias in more than two items.
2Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool: High risk of bias in one item or unclear risk of bias in one item or two items.
3Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool: Low risk of bias in all items.