Table 1.

Results on potential influence of religiosity on people with diabetes

Refs	Study objectives	Method/sample	Results
Darvyri et al[6]	To evaluate the impact of spirituality/religiosity on T2DM management. To summarize the evidence regarding T2DM outcomes as they are related to religiosity or spirituality of patients	Qualitative studies (cross-sectional)	A positive relationship between religiosity/spirituality and improved T2DM management. Participation in church and spiritual beliefs had ameliorating effects on stress levels and glycemic control
Kilbourne et al[11]	To examine the impact of multiple dimensions of religiosity on depression among a lower income population of people with DM	Cross-sectional study (multi-centered random sampling)	Religious resources increase psychological resiliency among those managing the chronic stress of diabetes
Permana[12]	To identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence worldwide, including Indonesia, related to how people with DM perceive the role of religion and/or spirituality in managing daily self-care	A critical appraisal using an adapted CASP tool	Relationship with God or the transcendent, religion or spirituality, religious practices, and social support are crucial for people with DM
Yuniarti et al[13]	To examine the mediation states of the variables in three quantitative studies	Conducted using a quantitative approach, using 68 participants aged 40–75 yr. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used for the data collection	Self-acceptance was significantly related to depression. Religiosity was significantly associated with stress
Berardi et al[32]	To determine if fatalistic beliefs were associated with elevated levels of glycated hemoglobin. To establish the role of religiosity in this relationship	Cross-sectional survey (simple random sampling)	Addressing fatalistic attitudes may be a viable strategy for improving DM management. Greater understanding of the interplay between religiosity and fatalism in this context is required
Rivera-Hernandez[35]	To examine the relationships between religiosity, social support, disease care and control, and self-rated health of people living in Mexico diagnosed with DM	Structural equation modelling using the Mexican Health and Aging Study	Emotional support from spouse/partner directly affects disease care and control, and health. No direct relationship between religiosity and health; however, religiosity was positively associated with disease care and management. No significant relationship with health
Nyarko et al[36]	To examine the influence of the illness perception of patients with DM and their levels of religiosity on their mental health problems	Cross-sectional survey study design	Patients’ level of religiosity was not correlated with their mental health problems. Illness perception was positively correlated with their general mental health, and specific problems, such as somatization, obsessive-compulsion, depression, anxiety, and psychoticism
Namageyo-Funa et al[37]	To explore how Black men use religion or spirituality to cope with DM management	In-depth interviews with 30 Black men recruited from a diabetes clinic in Atlanta, Georgia	Religion and spirituality use as a coping strategy for DM management. The following coping strategies were reported: Prayer and belief in God, keeping me alive, turning things over to God, changing my unhealthy behaviors, supplying my needs, reading the Bible, and religious or spiritual individuals helping me

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CASP: Critical Appraisal Skills Programme.