Table 2.

Studies reporting on the measurement of the hepatic fat content with in-phase and out-of-phase imaging versus liver biopsy and other imaging methods

Ref.	Year	Study design	Age (year)	N	Etiology	Field strength sequence	Comparison	Interval	Results
Fishbein et al[35]	2005		47 ± 10	38	Various hepatic diseases	1.5 T. IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy	2 wk	r = 0.773, P < 0.001; Macrovesicular steatosis: r = 0.920, mixed steatosis: r = 0.605, P = 0.05
Kalra et al[74]	2009	Prospective	41 ± 9.2	10	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	1.5 T. IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy		Provides data on fat infiltration without information of hepatic fibrosis
Mennesson et al[41]	2009	Prospective	52.5	40	Various hepatic diseases	1.5 T. IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy	Same day	r = 0.852; P < 0.0001
Fischer et al[37]	2010	Prospective	66 ± 12	23	Various hepatic diseases	1.5 T IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy and surgery	≤ 10 d	r = 0.92; P < 0.0001
Pacifico et al[75]	2011	Case–control	7-16	25	Nonalcoholicfatty liver disease	1.5 T. Two-point Dixon	Biopsy	1–7 d	r = 0.883; P < 0.0001
Guaraldi et al[76]	2012	Observational pilot		16		1.5 T. IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy		r = 0.88; P < 0.0001
Koelblinger et al[77]	2012	Prospective	60.5	35	Various hepatic diseases	3.0 T. IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy		Uncorrected: r = 0.67, P < 0.001. Spleen correction: r = 0.85, P < 0.001
Rastogi et al[73]	2016	Retrospective	32.5	73	Steatosis	3.0 T. IP/OP (Dixon)	Biopsy and surgery	≤ 20 d	Dual-echo MRI correlated well with the histopathology results (r = 0.871). An accuracy of 95% and sensitivity of 97%
Bhat et al[78]	2017	Prospective	46	30	Steatosis	1.5 T. Two-point DIXON	Biopsy	1 wk	Good correlation between the MR estimation of liver fat and histological grading. 90% of patients had a fat content of less than 10%. The maximal fat content of 28% was observed in one patient

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; Blank: No information.