Table 3.
Studies reporting on the measurement of the hepatic fat content with multiple-point Dixon imaging versus liver biopsy and other imaging methods
|
Ref.
|
Year
|
Study design
|
Age (year)
|
N
|
Etiology
|
Field strength sequence
|
Comparison
|
Interval
|
Results
|
| Noureddin et al[79] | 2013 | Randomized | 50 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | MRI-PDFF | MRS | 0 and 24 wk | r 2 = 0.98; P < 0.0001 | |
| Idilman et al[28] | 2013 | Prospective | 44.7 ± 13.1 | 70 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 1.5 T. IDEAL-IQ | Biopsy | 14.5 d (0–259) | r = 0.820; The correlation of PDFF in mild hepatic steatosis was found to be better than that of moderate or severe steatosis (r = 0.835 and r = 0.402, respectively; P = 0.003) |
| Deng et al[51] | 2014 | Prospective | 3–16 | 10 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 1.5 T. Multi-point Dixon | Biopsy | r = 0.90; P = 0.0004 | |
| Kukuk et al[59] | 2015 | 51.7 ± 15.2 | 59 | Liver disorders | 3.0 T. Six echo-mDixon | Biopsy | ≤ 6 wk | r = 0.967, P < 0.001. Slightly a higher hepatic fat contents than q Histo (mean difference 2.1% for 6E-mDixon and 1.9% for MRS) | |
| Rehm et al[52] | 2015 | Prospective | 13.3 ± 2 (11–22) | 132 | Healthy females | 3.0 T. Multi-echo Dixon | STEAM (TE = 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ms) | r = 0.96 | |
| Schwimmer et al[80] | 2015 | Prospective | 14 | 174 | No steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 3.0 T. Multi-echo Dixon | Biopsy | 57 ± 51 d | r = 0.725; P < 0.01 |
| Idilman et al[55] | 2016 | Retrospective | 41.7 ± 14.6 | 19 | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | 1.5 T. DEAL-IQ | Biopsy | r = 0.743; P < 0.001 | |
| Hetterich et al[39] | 2016 | Prospective | 57.2 ± 9.4 | 215 | 3.0 T. STEAM (TE = 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 ms) | Multi-echo Dixon | r = 0.96; P = 0.001 | ||
| Middleton et al[81] | 2017 | Randomized | 51 ± 11 | 113 | Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 1.5 T or 3.0 T. Six echo-mDixon | Biopsy | 51 d | r = 0.80; P < 0.001 |
| Kang et al[46] | 2018 | Prospective | 47.3 ± 14.9 | 29 | NAFLD (34). Alcoholic liver disease (13). Liver cirrhosis (9) | 3.0 T. mDIXON-Quant sequence | Biopsy | Same day | r = 0.809; P < 0.001 |
| Pickhardt et al[82] | 2018 | Retrospective | 54 ± 12 | 221 | 1.5 T or 3.0 T. MRI-PDFF | CT | 0–158 mo | r = 0.88 (≤ 1 mo) substantially worsened with increasing time | |
| Guo et al[83] | 2020 | PProspective | 52.6 (22–83) | 400 | Healthy adults and older adults | 3.0 T mDixon-Quant sequence | CT | Same day | r = 0.79; P < 0.001 |
MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PDFF: Proton density fat fraction; TE: Echo time; BMI: Body mass index; CT: Computed tomography; Blank: No information; PRESS: Point-resolved spectroscopy; STEAM: Stimulated-echo acquisition mode.