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. 2022 Sep 1;8(9):1038–1051. doi: 10.1038/s41477-022-01226-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a, Phylogeny of aerolysin-like genes suggests an HGT from bacteria to early vascular plants and a second HGT specifically to ferns, followed by tandem duplications on chromosome 9 in Ceratopteris (highlighted). Fern genes are blue, lycophyte genes are orange, fish are purple, bacteria are cyan, fungi are brown, archaea are magenta, chlorophytic algae are dark green and red algae are rust. b, Phylogeny of PAD genes in Ceratopteris and leptosporangiate ferns suggests an HGT from bacteria to ferns followed by rampant tandem duplication across chromosome 11 (highlighted). Polypodiales are blue, Schizaeales are red, Salviniales are light green, Gleicheniales are cyan, Cyatheales are orange and bacteria are pink. c, Expression of Ceratopteris PAD genes (CrPADS) across tissues/life stages. d, Metabolic profile of previously identified medicinal compounds in Ceratopteris. CADGS, casuarine 6-alpha-d-glucoside; CGS, casuarine 3-glucoside; 5-CQA, cis-5-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,5-DCQA, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; 3,4-DICQA, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; eDHKO, ent-7alpha,12beta-dihydroxy-16-kauren-19,6beta-olide; eHKOC, ent-17-hydroxy-15-kauren-19-oic acid; FNBG, flavanone_7-O-beta-d-glucoside; KAFRP, kaempferol 3-arabinofuranoside 7-rhamnofuranoside; KFRX, kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 7-xyloside; luteolin, 2,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone; 7-OLRP, 7-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside. Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. (n = 6).

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