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. 2022 Sep 15;12:15541. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19897-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Validation of RNA sequencing data by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Genes related to resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and lincomycin were selected for validation under different antibiotic pressures. Data are expressed as log₂ fold-changes in gene expression between control and antibiotic-treated samples. In qRT-PCR, 16S rRNA gene expression was used for normalization of target gene expression.