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. 2022 Sep 15;12:15506. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19781-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Measurement of the skin temperature of the cupping site at different stages of the experiment using IRT. ROIs are marked with black circles. (a) The basal temperature before cupping is measured. (b) Cupping is started at − 0.03 MPa on the left and − 0.04 MPa on the right. The mean temperature in the ROI is represented by the average temperature of two small circular regions. (c) Cupping is maintained. (d) 500 s after cupping. (e) 1800 s after cupping. R right, L left.