Table 1.
Cardiac geometry and left ventricular measures by sex in athletes (all sports combined)
| Men (n = 2041) | Women (n = 1241) | p value | Effect size* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac geometry | Prevalence | < 0.001 | 0.015 | |
| Normal (%) | 82.0 | 90.9 | ||
| Eccentric hypertrophy (%) | 16.5 | 8.3 | ||
| Concentric remodeling (%) | 0.9 | 0.5 | ||
| Concentric hypertophy (%) | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||
| LV measures | Mean | P95 | Mean | P95 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEF (%) | 61 (7) | 72 | 61 (7) | 72 | 0.036 | 0.072 |
| SWT (mm) | 9 (1) | 11 | 8 (1) | 9 | < 0.001 | 1.370 |
| SWT / BSA (mm/m2) | 4.7 (0.6) | 5.8 | 4.6 (0.6) | 5.6 | 0.002 | 0.167 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 55 (4) | 63 | 49 (4) | 56 | < 0.001 | 1.409 |
| LVEDD / BSA (mm/m2) | 28 (3) | 33 | 30 (3) | 34 | < 0.001 | 0.380 |
| LVPW (mm) | 9 (1) | 11 | 8 (1) | 9 | < 0.001 | 1.313 |
| LVPW / BSA (mm/m2) | 4.6 (0.6) | 5.6 | 4.5 (0.6) | 5.5 | 0.003 | 0.167 |
| LVEDV (mL) | 150 (28) | 198 | 115 (21) | 151 | < 0.001 | 1.370 |
| LVEDV / BSA (mL/m2) | 77 (13) | 100 | 69 (11) | 87 | < 0.001 | 0.679 |
| LV mass (g) | 190 (43) | 271 | 126 (29) | 177 | < 0.001 | 1.675 |
| LV mass / BSA (g/m2) | 97 (20) | 133 | 75 (15) | 102 | < 0.001 | 1.855 |
| E wave (cm/s) | 85 (14) | 109 | 92 (14) | 116 | < 0.001 | 0.461 |
| A wave (cm/s) | 43 (11) | 61 | 45 (13) | 63 | < 0.001 | 0.147 |
Data of LV measures are mean (SD) and 95th (P95) percentile (in bold)
BSA body surface area, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVPW LV posterior wall, SWT septal wall thickness
*Effect size assessed with partial eta squared (for between-sex comparisons of geometry proportions with the χ2 test [upper part of the Table]) and Cohen’s D (for between-sex comparisons of the different LV dimensions with the Student’s t test [lower part of the Table])