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. 2022 Sep 16;12(1):33. doi: 10.1007/s13659-022-00357-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Autonomic nervous system and location of receptors. Nerves of autonomic nervous system (ANS) extend from central nervous system (CNS) to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, organs and glands by preganglionic (Pre GN) and postganglionic (Post GN) neurons. PreGN releases acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft and get bind to nicotine receptors (NR) in Post GN. Depolarization of membrane results in action potential which on arriving at the axon terminal releases neurotransmitter: ACh, norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (EN) in the synaptic cleft. The binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors: Androgenic (AR) or muscarinic (M) on the target organ results in excitation or inhibition. (1–3) Sympathetic system, (4) Parasympathetic system. These two systems differ in the type of neurotransmitter released, type of receptors and secondary messengers expressed [Prepared using Biorender.com]