Table 4.

Chronotypes and sleep patterns for participants before and during Ramadan (n = 114).

Variables	Before Ramadan	During Ramadan	P-value*
MEQr
Evening type	32 (27.8)	50 (43.9)	<0.001
Morning type	28 (24.3)	7 (6.1)
Neutral type	55 (47.8)	57 (50)
ESS
Normal sleepiness	89 (77.4)	96 (83.5)	<0.001
Mild sleepiness	18 (15.7)	13 (11.3)
Moderate sleepiness	6 (5.2)	5 (4.3)
Severe sleepiness	2 (1.7)	1 (0.9)
Sleep duration (hour)	7.54 ± 1.69	7.59 ± 1.04	0.83

Data are expressed as frequency and percentage N (%) or mean ± SD.

^*P values were derived from Chi-square for ESS and MEQr and paired t-test for sleep duration. Bold indicates significance. MEQr, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale.