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. 2022 Sep 2;13:928359. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928359

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Copyright © 2022 Jin, Chen, Wu, Lu, Li, Fu, Wang and Cui

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The frequency of effector circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) and other Th cells in SLE patients by flow cytometry. (A), Analysis of cTfh cells and other Th cell frequencies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry; (B), Percentage of T helper (Th) cells: Th1 (CXCR3⁺CCR6^-), Th2 (CXCR3^-CCR6^-) and Th17 (CXCR3^-CCR6⁺); (C), Percentage of Tfr, cTfh cells and subsets in CD4⁺ T cells in SLE patients, Tfr: CD4⁺CXCR5⁺FOXP3⁺, Effector cTfh cells: CD4⁺CXCR5⁺CD45RA^-, based on characterized surface molecules PD1⁺ and ICOS⁺, we define two cTfh subsets, including PD1⁺cTfh and PD1⁺ICOS⁺cTfh. Horizontal lines show the median. Statistically significant differences are indicated by the P value, *P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.