Table 1.
Baseline demographic data of study participants.
| Characteristics | No. of cases | No aspirin nor dipyridamole user | Dipyridamole user | Aspirin user | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | P value | ||
| Total | 5308 | 1176 | 1424 | 2708 | |
| Female | 2775 | 587 (49.9) | 807 (56.7) | 1381 (51.0) | .0004 |
| Male | 2533 | 589 (50.1) | 617 (43.3) | 1327 (49.0) | . |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 58.22 ± 11.43 | 54.97 ± 12.54 | 59.89 ± 11.11 | 58.76 ± 10.81 | <.0001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 13 | 2 (0.2) | 5 (0.4) | 6 (0.2) | .6103 |
| Congestive heart failure | 28 | 4 (0.3) | 13 (0.9) | 11 (0.4) | .0615 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 24 | 3 (0.3) | 6 (0.4) | 15 (0.6) | .4344 |
| Cerebral vascular accident | 171 | 30 (2.6) | 50 (3.5) | 91 (3.4) | .3252 |
| Dementia | 13 | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | .8330 |
| Pulmonary disease | 339 | 64 (5.4) | 116 (8.1) | 159 (5.9) | .0057 |
| Connective tissue disorder | 22 | 3 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | 14 (0.5) | .4603 |
| Peptic ulcer | 224 | 50 (4.3) | 71 (5.0) | 103 (3.8) | .1987 |
| Liver disease | 279 | 78 (6.6) | 80 (5.6) | 121 (4.5) | .0164 |
| Nephropathy | 125 | 21 (1.8) | 50 (3.5) | 54 (2.0) | .0032 |
| Retinopathy | 111 | 15 (1.3) | 36 (2.5) | 60 (2.2) | .0688 |
| Neuropathy | 278 | 55 (4.7) | 73 (5.1) | 150 (5.5) | .5282 |
| Paraplegia | 10 | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | .9701 |
| Renal disease | 74 | 9 (0.8) | 28 (2.0) | 37 (1.4) | .0336 |
| Severe liver disease | 14 | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 8 (0.3) | .5524 |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 1 | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | .1725 |
| Chronic hepatitis B | 19 | 5 (0.4) | 9 (0.6) | 5 (0.2) | .0663 |
| Chronic hepatitis C | 25 | 3 (0.3) | 11 (0.8) | 11 (0.4) | .1241 |
| Duration of use Mean ± SD (yr) | 3.20 ± 3.74 | 5.31 ± 4.23 | |||
| Antihypertension medications | |||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 122 | 17 (1.4) | 39 (2.7) | 66 (2.4) | .0717 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 15 | 3 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 8 (0.3) | .9765 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 238 | 33 (2.8) | 83 (5.8) | 122 (4.5) | .0010 |
| Beta-blocker | 88 | 12 (1.0) | 30 (2.1) | 46 (1.7) | .0945 |
| Diuretics | 47 | 8 (0.7) | 18 (1.3) | 21 (0.8) | .1956 |
| Hydralazine | 16 | 4 (0.3) | 5 (0.4) | 7 (0.3) | .8429 |
| Alpha-blocker | 41 | 6 (0.5) | 12 (0.8) | 23 (0.8) | .5077 |
| Fibrates | 49 | 9 (0.8) | 10 (0.7) | 30 (1.1) | .3517 |
| Other antihypertension medication | 78 | 14 (1.2) | 34 (2.4) | 30 (1.1) | .0034 |
| Antihyperglycemic medications | |||||
| Insulin | 3063 | 559 (47.5%) | 887 (62.3%) | 1617 (59.7%) | <.0001 |
| Metformin | 5155 | 1132 (96.3%) | 1399 (98.2%) | 2624 (96.9%) | .0067 |
| Sulfonylureas | 5227 | 1150 (97.8%) | 1410 (99.0%) | 2667 (98.5%) | .0394 |
| Acarbose | 2856 | 548 (46.6%) | 812 (57.0%) | 1496 (55.2%) | <.0001 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 2972 | 580 (49.3%) | 817 (57.4%) | 1575 (58.2%) | <.0001 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 1990 | 396 (33.7%) | 525 (36.9%) | 1069 (39.5%) | .0024 |
| Meglitinides | 242 | 51 (4.3%) | 60 (4.2%) | 131 (4.8%) | .6044 |
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist | 16 | 4 (.3%) | 1 (.1%) | 11 (.4%) | .1669 |
SD = standard deviation.