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The heterogeneity and characterizations of M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages can be subgrouped into M2a, M2b, M2c and M2d depending on different microenvironmental stimuli. Specific stimuli include, but are not limited to, IL-4 or IL-13 for M2a, LPS or IL-1 receptor ligands for M2b, IL-10 or TGF-β for M2c and IL-6 or Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) for M2d. Different subtypes express distinct markers, including intracellular proteins and secreted cytokines.
