Table 2.

The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the presence of chronic pain according to the status of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance.

	Neither condition	Depressive symptoms alone	Sleep disturbance alone	Both conditions
No. of events	497	101	149	102
Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted	1.00 (ref.)	1.52 (1.06–2.19)	1.99 (1.43–2.77)	2.22 (1.48–3.32)
P		0.024	<0.001	<0.001
Multivariable-adjusted	1.00 (ref.)	1.40 (0.97–2.03)	1.98 (1.41–2.78)	2.12 (1.39–3.23)
P		0.075	<0.001	<0.001

The data are n-values or odds ratio (95% confidence interval) values that were computed by using binomial logistic regression analysis. The multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, education level, employment status, subjective economic status, comorbidities, current smoking, current drinking, regular exercise, living alone, number of communications with someone per month, and experiences of bereavement.