Table 1.

A brief summary of the functions of hnRNPs in the positive single-stranded RNA virus life cycle.

HnRNP	Virus		Functions during positive single-stranded virus life cycle	Viral RNA/protein that harm interplay with	References
A/B	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae Coronaviridae Arenaviridae Togaviridae	HCV, DENV EV71, HRV SARS-CoV-2, PEDV, MHV JUNV SINV	Enhance virus RNA replication, enhance viral translation, modulate virions release	SARS-CoV-2 N protein, PEDV N protein, EV71 3C protein, IRES of EV71 RNA, 5’ UTR and 3’ UTR of HCV RNA, SARS-CoV-2 RNA	(45–52, 55–60)
C1/C2	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae	HCV, DENV PV, CVB3	Enhance virus RNA replication, enhance/inhibit viral translation, mediate switch of viral translation to replication	DENV NS1 protein, negative-strand RNA of PV, IRES of CVB3 RNA	(32, 72–74, 76, 77)
D	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae	HCV, WNV, ZIKV, DENV PV, CVB3. HRV, EMCV	Enhance viral translation, enhance virus RNA replication Inhibit virus RNA replication	IRES of HCV RNA, 3’ end and 5’ end of DENV RNA, WNV and ZIKV RNA, PV and HRV 3C protein, PV and CVB3 2A protein	(80–86)
E	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae Rhabdoviridae Togaviridae	DENV EV71, PV VSV SFV	Enhance viral translation Inhibit viral gene expressing	5’ CL of PV RNA, 5’ UTR of EV71 RNA, PV 3C/3CD protein, DENV core protein, VSV P protein	(91–97, 99–106)
I	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae Hepeviridae	HCV ECMV, FMDV, PV HEV	Enhance viral translation, enhance virus replication	IRES of EMCV RNA, 5’ UTR (IRES) of PV RNA, 3’ terminal of HCV RNA, PV 3C protein	(114–124)
K	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae Arenaviridae Rhabdoviridae Togaviridae	DENV, HCV EV71, FMDV JUNV VSV CHIKV, SINV	Enhance viral translation, enhance virus replication, virion assembly and release Inhibit viral protein synthesis	IRES of HCV and EV71 RNA, HCV core protein, DENV core protein, HCV NS3 and core protein	(33, 34, 127–134)
L	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae	HCV FMDV, EMCV, CVB3	Enhance viral translation, inhibit viral RNA replication Inhibit viral translation	RCs of FMDV and HCV, FMDV 3CD protein, CVB3 2A protein and 3C protein	(21, 137–142)
M	Flaviviridae Picornaviridae Togaviridae Rhabdoviridae	DENV PV, CVB3, EMCV SINV, SFV, CHIKV VSV	Enhance viral translation, enhance viral RNA replication, evade immune response inhibit virus replication	PV and CVB3 3C/3CD protein	(148–153)