Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 14,412) | Women (n = 7,099) | Men (n = 7,313) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, year | 36 (27, 46) | 36 (27, 46) | 35 (26, 45) | 0.004 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.015 | |||
| Mexican American | 2,865 (19.88) | 1,427 (20.1) | 1,438 (9.66) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1211 (8.4) | 638 (8.99) | 573 (7.84) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 5,735 (39.79) | 2,842 (40.03) | 2,893 (39.56) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2,729 (18.94) | 1,306 (18.4) | 1,423 (19.46) | |
| Other ethnic groups | 1,872 (12.99) | 886 (12.48) | 986 (13.48) | |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <12 years | 3,090 (21.44) | 1,414 (19.92) | 1,676 (22.92) | |
| 12–15 years | 3,398 (23.58) | 1,535 (21.48) | 1,873 (25.61) | |
| >15 years | 7,924 (54.98) | 4,160 (58.6) | 3,924 (51.47) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 8,688 (60.28) | 4,804 (67.67) | 3,884 (53.11) | |
| Ex-smoker | 2,305 (15.99) | 944 (13.3) | 1,361 (18.61) | |
| Current | 3,419 (23.72) | 1,351 (19.03) | 2,068 (28.28) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 5,664 (39.3) | 2,942 (41.44) | 2,722 (37.22) | |
| Moderate | 3,383 (23.47) | 1,939 (27.31) | 1,444 (19.75) | |
| Vigorous | 5,365 (37.23) | 2,218 (57.32) | 3,147 (43.03) | |
| Measurements of body composition and BP | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7 ± 6.2 | 28.0 ± 6.9 | 27.4 ± 5.4 | 0.134 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 93.7 ± 15.2 | 92.1 ± 15.7 | 95.4 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| Total fat mass, kg | 23.9 (18.1 31.6) | 27.0 (20.5, 35.4) | 21.4 (16.1, 27.6) | <0.001 |
| Total muscle mass, kg | 50.6 ± 12.2 | 42.3 ± 8.0 | 58.7 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Trunk fat mass, kg | 11.4 (7.9, 15.6) | 12.4 (8.6, 16.9) | 10.6 (7.1, 14.2) | <0.001 |
| Trunk muscle mass, kg | 25.0 ± 5.8 | 21.4 ± 4.0 | 28.6 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| Leg fat mass, kg | 8.5 (6.4, 11.3) | 10.2 (8.0, 13.2) | 7.0 (5.4, 9.1) | <0.001 |
| Leg muscle mass, kg | 16.4 ± 4.3 | 13.6 ± 3.1 | 19.0 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Arm fat mass, kg | 2.8 (2.1, 3.8) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.4) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.2) | <0.001 |
| Arm muscle mass, kg | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 7.7 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Whole-body FMR | 0.53 ± 0.21 | 0.67 ± 0.18 | 0.38 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
| Trunk FMR | 0.50 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.21 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | <0.001 |
| Leg FMR | 0.60 ± 0.26 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.40 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Arm FMR | 0.57 ± 0.31 | 0.80 ± 0.26 | 0.34 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| TLR | 1.35 ± 0.41 | 1.21 ± 0.37 | 1.48 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 114 ± 14 | 115 ± 14 | 120 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71 ± 11 | 70 ± 10 | 72 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Blood lipid profile | ||||
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.5 ± 38.7 | 189.4 ± 37.6 | 191.5 ± 39.7 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 113.2 ± 34.5 | 110.2 ± 33.1 | 116.1 ± 35.5 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 52.6 ± 14.9 | 56.9 ± 15.3 | 48.5 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 103.0 (69.0, 156.0) | 93.0 (65.0, 139.0) | 114.0 (76.0, 174.0) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 718 (4.98) | 362 (5.1) | 356 (4.87) | 0.524 |
| Anti-diabetes medication | 370 (2.57) | 190 (2.68) | 180 (2.46) | 0.414 |
| Dyslipidemia | 9,358 (64.93) | 4,593 (64.70) | 4,765 (65.16) | 0.564 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 418 (2.90) | 184 (2.59) | 234 (3.20) | 0.030 |
| Overweight | 4,768 (33.08) | 1,975 (27.82) | 2,793 (38.19) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 4,190 (29.07) | 2,320 (32.68) | 1,870 (25.57) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as means±standard deviation or median (interquartile range), and qualitative parameters as numbers with the percentage in parentheses.
FMR, fat mass to muscle mass ratio; TLR, trunk fat to leg fat ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.