Table 2.

Classification, general features, and examples of plant-based proteases with their industrial application.

Protease type	Catalytic residue group	Molecular weight (kDa)	Protein	Application
Aspartic protease	Aspartate	30 80	Arctiumisin Cardosin	Alcohol, bioactive peptide production and dairy industry
Cysteine proteases	Cysteine	24.5 28–32.5 23.8 23.4	Actinidin Bromelain Ficin Papain	Fish, animal feed, baking, and textile industry, including bioethanol production.
metalloprotease	Zn2+, Ca2+ or Mn2+	92	MMP-like proteases	Bioactive peptide production and biomedicine
Serine protease	Serine, histidine	55	Carnein Milin	Brewing and dairy industry

Marino and Funk (2011) and, Troncoso et al. (2022).