| Do You Considering the Following as Risk Factors? |
| Poor glycemic control |
No |
2 |
1.2% |
| Yes |
170 |
98.8% |
| Presence of the sense of chill, pain, burning, tingling, and tenderness in the foot |
No |
28 |
16.3% |
| Yes |
144 |
83.7% |
| Neuropathic foot (loss of sensory motor function) |
No |
5 |
2.9% |
| Yes |
167 |
97.1% |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
No |
12 |
7.0% |
| Yes |
160 |
93.0% |
| Inadequate foot care and lack of hygiene |
No |
10 |
5.8% |
| Yes |
162 |
94.2% |
| Presence of foot edema |
No |
24 |
14.0% |
| Yes |
148 |
86.0% |
| Presence of foot callus |
No |
41 |
23.8% |
| Yes |
131 |
76.2% |
| Dry and cracked foot skin |
No |
31 |
18.0% |
| Yes |
141 |
82.0% |
| Diabetic foot history or diabetic ulcer on the opposite extremity |
No |
24 |
14.0% |
| Yes |
148 |
86.0% |
| Infection (redness, tenderness, and temperature increase of the foot) |
No |
10 |
5.8% |
| Yes |
162 |
94.2% |
| Trauma (barefoot walking, poor-quality shoes, accident, foreign body in the shoes) |
No |
12 |
7.0% |
| Yes |
160 |
93.0% |
| Foot deformity (mallet toes, claw toes, hallux valgus, amputation, Charcot deformity, low foot, etc.) |
No |
36 |
20.9% |
| Yes |
136 |
79.1% |
| Smoking |
No |
28 |
16.3% |
| Yes |
144 |
83.7% |
| Obesity |
No |
19 |
11.0% |
| Yes |
153 |
89.0% |
| Age 65 years or older |
No |
24 |
14.0% |
| Yes |
148 |
86.0% |
| Patients not trained to recognize or care for diabetic foot |
No |
13 |
7.6% |
| Yes |
159 |
92.4% |
| Do You Perform the Following During Foot Examinations? |
| Foot skin (color change, edema, atrophy, dryness, crack, callus, ulcer, etc.) is evaluated |
No |
1 |
0.6% |
| Yes |
171 |
99.4% |
| Color (pale, cyanosis, red) is evaluated |
No |
5 |
2.9% |
| Yes |
167 |
97.1% |
| Temperature (temperature, coldness) is evaluated |
No |
13 |
7.6% |
| Yes |
159 |
92.4% |
| Presence of foot neuropathy (pain, tingling, burning, tenderness, sensory loss) is evaluated |
No |
4 |
2.3% |
| Yes |
168 |
97.7% |
| Muscle functions (atrophy caused by motor damage in the muscles) are assessed |
No |
16 |
9.3% |
| Yes |
156 |
90.7% |
| Circulation (foot is pale and cyanosis) is evaluated |
No |
6 |
3.5% |
| Yes |
166 |
96.5% |
| Presence of foot ulcers (temperature increase, redness, edema, and tenderness of the foot) is evaluated |
No |
3 |
1.7% |
| Yes |
169 |
98.3% |
| Presence of deformity (hammer finger, claw, hallux valgus, amputation, Charcot deformity, low foot, etc.) is evaluated |
No |
22 |
12.8% |
| Yes |
150 |
87.2% |
| Toenails (thickening, ingrowth, and length of the nails) are evaluated |
No |
22 |
12.8% |
| Yes |
150 |
87.2% |
| Shoe suitability is assessed |
No |
9 |
5.2% |
| Yes |
163 |
94.8% |
| Do You Provide the Following Advice for Preventing Foot Complications? |
| Feet should be checked every day by the patient or a relative using the eyes, hands, and a mirror (callus, crack, redness, bulla, open wound, etc.) |
No |
1 |
0.6% |
| Yes |
171 |
99.4% |
| Feet should be washed with warm water every day |
No |
23 |
13.4% |
| Yes |
149 |
86.6% |
| The water temperature used for washing feet should be checked |
No |
9 |
5.2% |
| Yes |
163 |
94.8% |
| Feet, especially the spaces between the toes, should be dried very well after each wash |
No |
1 |
0.6% |
| Yes |
171 |
99.4% |
| Moisturizing cream should be applied to feet |
No |
12 |
7.0% |
| Yes |
160 |
93.0% |
| Moisturizing cream should be applied to the spaces between the toes |
No |
27 |
15.7% |
| Yes |
145 |
84.3% |
| Toes should be kept dry to prevent fungal growth |
No |
5 |
2.9% |
| Yes |
167 |
97.1% |
| Cutting tools and chemicals should not be used to remove calluses or hardened skin areas |
No |
11 |
6.4% |
| Yes |
161 |
93.6% |
| Callus and skin stiffness should be thinned with a pumice stone |
No |
40 |
23.3% |
| Yes |
132 |
76.7% |
| Exercise in the form of twisting and stretching the toes several times per day should be performed to prevent the formation of foot corns and calluses |
No |
27 |
15.7% |
| Yes |
145 |
84.3% |
| It is beneficial to use a callus band and plaster |
No |
45 |
26.2% |
| Yes |
127 |
73.8% |
| Only socks should be worn to warm feet |
No |
42 |
24.4% |
| Yes |
130 |
75.6% |
| Direct heat sources (radiators, hot water bottle, electrical appliances, etc.) should be used to warm feet |
No |
92 |
53.5% |
| Yes |
80 |
46.5% |
| Socks should not be torn, wrinkled, or oversized |
No |
16 |
9.3% |
| Yes |
156 |
90.7% |
| Socks should be checked for wetness and darkness |
No |
16 |
9.3% |
| Yes |
156 |
90.7% |
| Socks should be changed every day |
No |
7 |
4.1% |
| Yes |
165 |
95.9% |
| Rubber socks that restrict the circulation should not be worn |
No |
24 |
14.0% |
| Yes |
148 |
86.0% |
| Wool socks should be worn during winter and mercerized socks should be worn during summer |
No |
10 |
5.8% |
| Yes |
162 |
94.2% |
| You should not walk with bare feet |
No |
9 |
5.2% |
| Yes |
163 |
94.8% |
| Relieve foot pressure by not standing for long periods |
No |
9 |
5.2% |
| Yes |
163 |
94.8% |
| Legs should not be crossed when sitting |
No |
26 |
15.1% |
| Yes |
146 |
84.9% |
| If there is clawing of the toes, then massage should not be performed to prevent joint stiffness |
No |
50 |
29.1% |
| Yes |
122 |
70.9% |
| Toenails should be controlled in terms of thickening, ingrowth, and length |
No |
13 |
7.6% |
| Yes |
159 |
92.4% |
| Toenails should be cut flat |
No |
21 |
12.2% |
| Yes |
151 |
87.8% |
| Skin around the toenails should not be cut |
No |
20 |
11.6% |
| Yes |
152 |
88.4% |
| Thickened nails should be cut with a special scissors after they are softened in warm water |
No |
13 |
7.6% |
| Yes |
159 |
92.4% |
| Blind patients must never cut their own toenails |
No |
6 |
3.5% |
| Yes |
166 |
96.5% |
| Toenails should be rounded |
No |
49 |
28.5% |
| Yes |
123 |
71.5% |
| Any changes to the feet and toes (color, temperature, or shape) and signs of infection should be reported to the physician immediately |
Yes |
172 |
100.0% |
| Foot exercises should be performed every day to help circulation |
No |
4 |
2.3% |
| Yes |
168 |
97.7% |
| In case of any foot lesion, only shoes should be replaced to reduce the load on feet |
No |
53 |
30.8% |
| Yes |
119 |
69.2% |
| Smoking is strictly forbidden because it will reduce the amount of blood to the feet |
No |
7 |
4.1% |
| Yes |
165 |
95.9% |
| Do You Provide the Following Information About Footwear Selection? |
| Shoes should fit properly |
No |
8 |
4.7% |
| Yes |
164 |
95.3% |
| Soft and comfortable shoes are recommended |
No |
3 |
1.7% |
| Yes |
169 |
98.3% |
| Shoes should be checked for foreign bodies (such as nails, gravel, etc.) before each wear |
No |
7 |
4.1% |
| Yes |
165 |
95.9% |
| Shoes should be worn without socks |
No |
99 |
57.6% |
| Yes |
73 |
42.4% |
| If shoe insoles are worn away, then they should be replaced |
No |
5 |
2.9% |
| Yes |
167 |
97.1% |
| Shoes should not lose their exterior protection feature |
No |
4 |
2.3% |
| Yes |
168 |
97.7% |
| Shoes should be cleaned frequently |
No |
91 |
52.9% |
| Yes |
81 |
47.1% |
| Allow feet to get used to new shoes by wearing them |
No |
24 |
14.0% |
| Yes |
148 |
86.0% |
| High-heel shoes tapering forward are recommended |
No |
103 |
59.9% |
| Yes |
69 |
40.1% |
| If there is a foot deformity, then a physician should be consulted so that proper treatment and/or orthopedic shoes can be prescribed |
No |
9 |
5.2% |
| Yes |
163 |
94.8% |
