Table 1.
Various pathogenic microbes and the polysaccharides present in their biofilms
| Pathogenic microbes | Major polysaccharides in the biofilm |
|---|---|
| Salmonella enterica | Cellulose (β-1,4) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Alginate (β-1,4) and (α-1,4), Pel (1,4), Psl (α-1,2) (β-1,3), (α -1,3) |
| Streptococcus mutans | Glucans (α-1,6), levan (β-D-fructans) |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | (β-1,6), 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucopyranosyl residues, PNAG (β-1,6)a |
| Staphylococcus aureus | PNAG (β-1,6)a |
| Escherichia coli (Uro-pathogen) | PNAG (β-1,6), Cellulose (β-1,4), colanic acid (α-1,4 & β-1,3) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | PNAG (β-1,6) |
| Enterobacter spp. | Colanic acid (α-1,4 & β-1,3), N-acetylheparosan |
| Proteus mirabilis | N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (β-1,4), N-acetyl-L-fucosamine (α-1,3), D-glucuronic acid (α-1,3) |
| Bacterioides fragilis | {,3) α-D-AATGalp(1,4)[ β-D-Galf(1,3)] α-D-GalpNAc(1,3) β-D-Galp(1, }b |
| Serratia marcescens | Stewartan, Emulsan, polysaccharide B, capsular polysaccharide |
| Aspergillus fumigatus | Galactosaminogalactan (partially deacetylated heteropolymer of α -1,4-linked galactose and N-acetyl galactosamine) |
| Candida albicans | α-1,2 branched and α-1,6 mannans |
a
In gram-positive bacteria PNAG is known as polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) that has O-succinylated groups.
b
AATGal: Acetamido-amino-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose. The galactopyranosyl residue has a pyruvate substituent. D-Galp: D-galactopyranose; D-GalpNAc: N-acetyl-D-galactopyranosamine; D-Galf: D-galactofuranose.