Fig. 1. BMDMs stimulated with selected probiotics induce inos expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

BMDMs (5×10⁴ cell/well) from C57BL/6 mice were co-cultured with each heat-killed probiotics (CJW55-10, CJLP243, or CJLP475) at a density of 6×10⁶ CFU/mL. (A) Three days after co-culture, quantitative real-time RT-PCRs were performed to determine relative expression levels of inos in BMDMs. (B, C) After 3 d, quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines (B) and IFN-β (C) in culture supernatants were determined by ELISAs. Vehicle, PBS treatment; LPS, LPS (10 μg/mL) treatment. All results are shown as means±SEM. Significant differences compared with the vehicle group are indicated as ^* p<0.05, ^** p<0.01, ^*** p<0.001. BMDM, bone marrow derived macrophage; inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IFN, interferon; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.