FIGURE 2.

The non-canonical Wnt signaling cascade is activated without the involvement and activation of β-catenin. The Wnt protein binds to Fzl and other ligand receptors without the engagement of the LRP co-receptors. One of these cascades is triggered by the stimulation of the intracellular Ca²⁺ secondary to the production of the cytoplasmic PLC, subsequently activating the transcription factors in cell nucleus through the regulation of CaMKII; the other non-canonical Wnt signaling cascade relies on the increase of Rho following the activation of mitogen-activated kinases such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), targeting the genes, and regulating cell proliferation and migration.