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Industrial food thermal treatments.
| Pasteurization | Sterilization | Observations | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional | 63–65 °C/ 30 min. |
121 °C/ 21 min. |
Applied with packaged solids or liquids foods. Continuous or batch process. Higher energy footprint. |
| Higha and ultra-highb temperature | 75 °C/ 15 sec. |
145 °C/ 4–5 sec. |
Applied with unpackaged liquid foods. Continuous process. Lower energy footprint. |
aHTST, High temperature, short time; bUHT, Ultra-high temperature.
