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. 2022 Sep 16;20:139. doi: 10.1186/s12958-022-01010-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Comparison of sexual dysfunction according to impairment of sperm quality among the groups. A Comparison prevalence of sexual function among patients in Group B with the severity of sperm quality impairment, with Group A as reference. B Comparison prevalence of sexual function among patients in Group A with the severity of sperm quality impairment; C, D Comparison prevalence of sexual function among patients in Group B (C) and Group A (D) with the type of sperm quality impairment, with normozoospermic men as reference. Potential importance in univariate analyses on the aforementioned clinical characteristics were included in analyses as potential confounders (age, the participant’s monthly household income, frequency of night shifts, duration of infertility, and engagement in TI). Groups A indicate: Patients who either never received a routine infertility work-up or done so recently within the last 6 months; Groups B indicate: Patients who previously received a sperm quality assessment at least 6 months or more prior