Fig. 2.

Schematic representation of co-clinical trial approach with patient-derived OC preclinical models. PDX and/or PDO models are derived from individual OC patients enrolled in a trial. Clinical data from treated patients, in vitro drug response from PDO models, and in vivo drug response from PDX models are collected and integrated with the corresponding sample to undergo comprehensive functional and genetical analysis. The clinical relevant models can therefore be exploited to facilitate the study of drug resistance mechanisms, biomarker development, and drug combination strategy, and to guide future clinical trials. PDX, patient-derived xenograft; PDO, patient-derived organoid; PDXO, PDX-derived organoid; PDOX, PDO-derived xenograft