Table 2.

The estimations of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy for Mendelian randomization (MR) results.

Outcomes	Exposures	IVW		Egger intercept		MR-PRESSO	MR-Steiger
		Q-statistics	P-value	Intercept	P-value	P-value	Correct causal direction	P-value
Lung cancer overall	Retinol	3.127	8.73E-01	1.76E-02	4.71E-01	9.07E-01	True	4.54E-07
	Carotene	16.819	1.57E-01	−1.38E-03	9.48E-01	1.65E-01	True	7.18E-10
	Vitamin C	10.687	2.20E-01	7.93E-03	7.36E-01	2.14E-01	True	4.25E-07
	Vitamin E	14.085	2.28E-01	1.47E-02	5.09E-01	2.53E-01	True	1.61E-09
Squamous cell lung cancer	Retinol	6.818	4.48E-01	−5.72E-03	8.78E-01	4.54E-01	True	1.06E-04
	Carotene	19.369	8.00E-02	−6.69E-04	9.84E-01	9.90E-02	True	3.33E-05
	Vitamin C	18.062	2.08E-02	4.34E-02	2.89E-01	2.40E-02	True	6.15E-04
	Vitamin E	6.754	8.19E-01	2.06E-02	4.78E-01	8.43E-01	True	1.46E-08
Lung adenocarcinoma	Retinol	2.921	8.92E-01	3.15E-02	4.03E-01	8.92E-01	True	3.89E-06
	Carotene	6.018	9.15E-01	−6.64E-03	7.91E-01	9.27E-01	True	1.98E-09
	Vitamin C	18.005	2.12E-02	5.55E-03	9.12E-01	2.90E-02	True	1.05E-03
	Vitamin E	18.881	6.33E-02	1.69E-02	6.84E-01	6.90E-02	True	1.21E-04

IVW, inverse-variance weighted method; MR-PRESSO, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier.