Table 1.
Application of nanotechnology in early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of gastrointestinal cancer
| Approaches | Advantages | Limitations | Nanotechnology | Joint nanotechnology | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | Endoscope | Convenient and efficient;Direct observation | Poor identification of small lesions; Strong subjectivity | SERS NPs Capsule endoscopy Confocal laser microendoscopy | Improve sensitive differentiation of small and other difficult-to-detect lesions Highly targeted | [56–67] |
| Tumour Markers | Convenient, high clinical value, | Limited level of expression, Susceptible to interference, Invasive | Nanobiosensors, SiNWs, SiNW-FETs, QDs |
1. Higher accuracy and sensitivity of detection 2. Easier operation 3. Noninvasive |
[73–80] | |
| MRI | High soft tissue contrast and no ionising radiation | Nonspecific, Rapid clearance, Tissue deposition |
Gd-Liposomes and Gd- nanocomplexes, SPOIN |
1, High biocompatibility 2, Highly targeted 3, Higher detection accuracy and sensitivity |
[81–89] | |
| CT | Fast scanning time, Lower cost, High spatial resolution | Limited soft tissue identification, Low contrast accumulation | AuNPs/GNRs, AuNCs, SPOIN, WS2 nanosheets, WO2.9 nanorods |
1, Enhanced accuracy and sensitivity 2, Remarkable imaging effect 3, No toxicity 4, Multimodal imaging |
[93–97] | |
| PET | High sensitivity and specificity; Easy to find metastatic lesions | High costs False positives in patients with inflammatory conditions | Dendritic macromolecular systems and extracellular vesicular nanoprobes |
1. Reduce false positives 2. Non-toxic 3. Highly targeted |
[99] | |
| Fluorescence imaging | Fast imaging, High sensitivity | With longer wavelength, the quality of tissue fluorescence and scattering decreases | ICG-Liposomes; Upconversion nanoparticles |
1. Increased diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity 2. High optical stability 3. No toxicity |
[106–109] | |
| Treatment | Intraoperative navigation and surgery | Minimally invasive | Poor localization of tumour margins and tumours | ICG-SPION Cluster, NIRF with endoscopy, SERS/SERRS NPs |
1. Increased sensitivity and resolution at tumour margins 2. High tissue penetration |
[99, 112–117] |
| Chemotherapy | Good therapeutic effect | Low solubility, poor permeability, Non-specific targeting, Dose-dependent toxicity |
Liposomal, Albumin, CS NPs, PLGA NPs, Nanogel, MOF |
1. Increased effectiveness of chemotherapy 2. Less toxic side effects of chemotherapy 3.Highly targeted |
[151–157, 160–169] | |
| Targeted therapy | Well-targeted and low toxic side effects |
Drug resistance, Insufficient bioavailability, Insufficient controlled release |
AuNPs, ND, PLGA NPs SPION/PVD; Graphene quantum dots |
1. Improving the bioavailability of delivered drugs 2. Higher targeting performance 3. Targeted controlled release |
[172–180] | |
| Phototherapy | High temporal selectivity and low side effects and low drug resistance | Low photothermal conversion efficiency, irradiation depth and irradiation accuracy | NIRF probe bound gold nanorods and nanoporphyrin micelles; |
1. Higher photothermal conversion efficiency 2. Highly targeted 3. Combination of multiple treatment modalities |
[124–127, 131–134] | |
| Combination therapy | High treatment efficiency and Providing access to treatment for extreme malignancies |
Trigger liposomes, AuNPs, Core–shell nanoparticles, Nanoporphyrin micelles; |
1、High treatment efficiency 2、providing access to treatment for extreme malignancies |
[181–185] |
SERS Surface-enhanced raman scattering; NP Nanoparticles; SiNWs Silicon nanowires; SiNWFETs Silicon nanowire field-effect transistors; QDs Quantum dots; SPOIN Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; AuNPs Gold nanoparticles; GNRs Gold nanorods; AuNCs Gold nanocluster; ICG Indocyanine green; SERRS Surface-enhanced resonance raman spectroscopy; NIRF Near infrared fluorescence; CS Chitosan; MOF Metal-organicframeworks; PLGA poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; ND Nanodiamond; PVD Pyoverdine