Table 1.
Patient characteristics (n = 127)
| Characteristic | POD n = 52 (41%) |
No POD n = 75 (59%) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73 (71;77) | 72 (69;75) | 0.023a |
| female sex | 30 (58%) | 45 (60%) | 0.795b |
| MMSE (points) | 29 (27;30) | 29 (28;30) | 0.316a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 (23; 29) | 26 (23;29) | 0.533a |
| ASA-PS | |||
| I | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (2.7%) | 0.042b |
| II | 22 (42.3%) | 48 (64%) | |
| III | 29 (55.8%) | 25 (33.3%) | |
| CCI (points) | 3 (2;3) | 2 (1;3) | 0.016a |
| Frailty statusc | |||
| Robust | 9 (17.6%) | 38 (51.4%) | |
| Pre-frail | 28 (54.9%) | 31 (41.9%) | < 0.001b |
| Frail | 14 (27.5%) | 5 (6.8%) | |
| Preoperative neurocognitive disorderc | |||
| Mild | 12 (27.9%) | 7 (11.5%) | 0.093b |
| Major | 2 (4.9%) | 5 (8.2%) | |
| ADL impairedc | 13 (25.5%) | 11 (14.9%) | 0.138b |
| IADL impairedc | 7 (14.6%) | 5 (7.7%) | 0.240b |
| Preoperative anticholinergic load | 10 (19.2%) | 13 (17.6%) | 0.812b |
| MNAc | |||
| Risk for malnutrition | 20 (39.2%) | 20 (27.0%) | 0.310b |
| Malnutrition | 6 (11.8%) | 8 (10.8%) | |
| Smokersc | 7 (14.9%) | 3 (4.5%) | 0.056b |
| Alcohol consumptionc | |||
| Normal | 42 (89.4%) | 61 (93.8%) | 0.389b |
| Hazardous | 5 (10.6%) | 4 (6.2%) | |
| GDS (points) | 1.2 (0;3.2) | 1 (0;3.1) | 0.615a |
| Malignant tumor surgery | 46 (88.5%) | 52 (69.3%) | 0.012b |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 312 (190;393) | 196 (120;301) | 0.001a |
| Premedication with midazolam | 7 (13.5%) | 18 (24.0%) | 0.142b |
| Type of anesthesiac | |||
| General | 27 (54.0%) | 44 (60.3%) | |
| Regional | 1 (2.0%) | 0 | 0.408b |
| Combined | 22 (44.0%) | 29 (39.7%) | |
| Intraoperative anticholinergic loadc | 10 (62.5%) | 22 (62.9%) | 0.980b |
| Intraoperative clonidine administrationc | 6 (12.2%) | 15 (22.4%) | 0.161b |
| Intraoperative norepinephrine administrationc | 44 (89.8%) | 60 (89.6%) | 0.966b |
| Duration of anesthesia (min) | 423 (288;503) | 298 (199;394) | < 0.001a |
| Stay on ICUc | 43 (82.7%) | 38 (51.4%) | < 0.001b |
| Preoperative CRP mg/l | 8.8 (3.6;28.2) | 4.0 (1.4;14.7) | 0.009a |
| Preoperative leukocyte counts/nl | 6.4 (4.7;7.8) | 5.5 (4.5;7.1) | 0.334a |
| Postoperative CRP mg/l | 72.5 (43.4;110.8) | 49.7 (26.9;60.0) | 0.026a |
| Postoperative leukocyte counts/nl | 10.4 (8.3;13.1) | 9.5 (7.6;12.8) | 0.368a |
| Preoperative AChE activity U/gHb | 44.3 (39.8; 48.2) | 46.7 (42.5; 50.3) | 0.060a |
| Preoperative BuChE activity 100 U/l | 24.6 (18.8; 28.8) | 25.6 (20.7; 30.6) | 0.104a |
| Postoperative AChE activity U/gHb | 42.3 (39.4; 48.6) | 45 (41.9; 48.7) | 0.056a |
| Postoperative BuChe activity 100 U/l | 19.7 (14.8; 26.6) | 22.5 (17.9; 26.4) | 0.107a |
Data are given as median with limits of the interquartile range (25th;75th percentile) or absolute frequency with percentage. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant; aMann-Whitney U test, bchi-square test, cmissing data on frailty status: n = 2, on preoperative neurocognitive disorder: n = 23, on ADL: n = 2, on IADL: n = 14, on MNA: n = 2, on smoking behavior: n = 14, on alcohol consumption: n = 15, type of anesthesia: n = 4, intraoperative anticholinergic load: n = 76, clonidine/norepinephrine administration: n = 11, stay on ICU: n = 1, preoperative CRP: n = 1, preoperative leukocytes: n = 8, postoperative CRP: n = 92, postoperative leukocytes: n = 10
MMSE Mini-Mental-State-Examination, BMI Body-Mass-Index, ASA-PS American Society of Anesthesiologists’ physical status classification, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, MNA Mini-Nutritional Assessment, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, ICU Intensive Care Unit, CRP C-Reactive Protein, AChE acetylcholinesterase, BuChE butyrylcholinesterase, U Units, Hb hemoglobin