Figure 3.

Evaluation of locomotor activities and spatial navigation through the Y maze test. The mice move freely within three arms (A). Mice were trained with a block in the B arm for 3 min, then the block was removed, and the mouse activity for exploring the B arm was assessed, i.e., the place recognition test (B). Mice activities in the three groups of non-GVS, GVS, and control groups were tracked and computed by analysis software in 6 min at four time points: baseline, and post-operative days (PODs) 3, 7, and 14 (C). There was a significant difference between the groups in the spontaneous alternation performance at PODs 3 (χ² = 17.11, p < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis test). This decline in the non-GVS group continued until POD 7 as compared to the GVS group (Z = −2.12, p < 0.05) and control group (Z = −1.95, p < 0.05) (D). There was also a significant difference between the groups in the same arm return at POD 3 (χ² = 15.23, p < 0.001, Kruskal–Wallis test) (E). The place recognition test indicates spatial reference memory and it shows a significant difference between the groups at POD 3 (χ² = 7.63, p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test) (F). Values of significant difference were calculated by using the Kruskal–Wallis test for between groups and the Mann–Whitney U-tests for pairwise comparisons. *Significantly different between two groups; ^#Significantly different between three groups; *^{, #}p < 0.05; **^{, ##}p < 0.01; ***^{, ###}p < 0.001. Reproduced from Nguyen et al. (25).