TABLE 2—

Associations Between Hate Incidents and Mental Health, Forgone Care, and Neighborhood Safety: California Health Interview Survey AANHPI COVID-19 Module, 2020

	Serious Psychological Distress, OR (95% CI)	Had to Forgo Necessary Care, OR (95% CI)	Does Not Feel Safe in Neighborhood, OR (95% CI)
Experienced or witnessed a hate incident	5.33 (1.70, 16.67)	2.27 (1.15, 4.46)	2.70 (1.13, 6.43)
Age group, y (Ref = 40–64)
18–25	12.65 (2.24, 71.34)	0.74 (0.27, 2.03)	0.60 (0.23, 1.52)
26–39	3.01 (0.81, 11.12)	0.30 (0.10, 0.88)	0.36 (0.15, 0.90)
≥ 65	0.62 (0.09, 4.05)	0.85 (0.34, 2.12)	0.32 (0.08, 1.31)
Female	0.99 (0.36, 2.75)	1.92 (0.92, 4.01)	0.88 (0.43, 1.81)
Limited English proficiency	2.77 (0.59, 13.09)	2.13 (0.75, 6.02)	2.99 (0.85, 10.53)
Immigrant	1.10 (0.37, 3.24)	0.72 (0.32, 1.62)	0.99 (0.41, 2.38)
Income < 100% of FPL	0.41 (0.06, 2.90)	0.69 (0.21, 2.25)	2.08 (0.64, 6.73)
< high school	1.40 (0.17, 11.6)	0.53 (0.07, 4.15)	1.59 (0.19, 13.7)
Unemployed	1.09 (0.28, 4.19)	1.01 (0.30, 3.37)	0.57 (0.10, 3.36)
Interpersonal conflict in household	0.72 (0.21, 2.42)	1.30 (0.47, 3.60)	1.94 (0.77, 4.92)
Constant	0.01 (0.002, 0.04)	0.09 (0.03, 0.25)	0.07 (0.03, 0.20)

Note. AANHPI = Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander; CI = confidence interval; FPL = federal poverty level (as defined by the US Department of Health and Human Services); OR = odds ratio. The sample size was 668.