Figure 1.

Preoperative planning and intraoperative implementation of RA-TKA. Preoperative planning of osteotomy thickness and angle, prosthesis azimuth. size, and prosthesis position were determined in robotic system under surgeon and engineers' coordination (a); A seven-degree robotic arm was employed to assist osteotomy for accuracy (b); The entire procedure of bone-cutting could be monitored within a preset safe zone, the green area represents under-cut bone, while red area represents over-cut bone. The green arrows show the boundary for safe zone (c). RA-TKA robot-assisted total knee arthroplasty