Table 1. Descriptive Statistics of Predictive Factors and Criterion Variable Among College Students, 2 Midwestern Universities, 2019a .
| Variable | Total | No Insomnia | Insomnia | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 330 (100) | 243 (73.6) | 87 (26.4) | NA |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 24.4 (4.4) | 25.1 (4.6) | 23.7 (3.7) | .084b |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 109 (33.0) | 93 (38.3) | 16 (18.4) | .001c , d |
| Female | 221 (67.0) | 150 (61.7) | 71 (81.6) | |
| Race | ||||
| White | 296 (89.7) | 223 (91.8) | 73 (83.9) | .04c , e |
| All othersf | 34 (10.3) | 20 (8.2) | 14 (16.1) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Not married | 311 (94.2) | 226 (93.0) | 85 (97.7) | .29g |
| Married | 19 (5.8) | 17 (7.0) | 2 (2.3) | |
| Level of education | ||||
| Undergraduate | 206 (62.4) | 149 (61.3) | 57 (65.5) | .49c |
| Professional or graduate | 124 (37.6) | 94 (38.7) | 30 (34.5) | |
| Employed | ||||
| No | 178 (53.9) | 132 (54.3) | 46 (52.9) | .82 |
| Yes | 152 (46.1) | 111 (45.7) | 41 (47.1) | |
| Physical activity | ||||
| <2 d/wk | 48 (14.5) | 30 (12.3) | 18 (20.7) | .06c |
| ≥2 d/wk | 282 (85.5) | 213 (87.7) | 69 (79.3) | |
| Caffeine consumption | ||||
| <6 cups/d | 298 (90.3) | 221 (90.9) | 77 (88.5) | .56g |
| ≥6 cups/d | 20 (6.1) | 16 (6.6) | 4 (4.6) | |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Not at all | 116 (35.2) | 88 (36.2) | 28 (32.2) | .19 |
| Some days or every day | 214 (64.8) | 155 (63.8) | 59 (67.8) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Not at all | 310 (93.9) | 229 (94.2) | 81 (93.1) | .49g |
| Every day and some days | 20 (6.1) | 14 (5.8) | 6 (6.9) | |
| Chronic non–mental health conditions | ||||
| 0 | 230 (69.7) | 179 (73.7) | 51 (58.6) | <.001c , h |
| 1 | 72 (21.8) | 52 (21.4) | 20 (23.0) | |
| ≥2 | 28 (8.5) | 12 (4.9) | 16 (18.4) | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| No | 236 (71.5) | 181 (74.5) | 55 (63.2) | .05c , e |
| Yes | 94 (28.5) | 62 (25.5) | 32 (36.8) | |
| Depression | ||||
| No | 192 (58.2) | 173 (71.2) | 19 (21.8) | <.001c , h |
| Yes | 136 (41.2) | 68 (28.0) | 68 (78.2) | |
| ADHD | ||||
| No | 276 (83.6) | 222 (91.4) | 54 (62.1) | <.001c , h |
| Yes | 52 (15.8) | 21 (8.6) | 31 (35.6) | |
| Depression and ADHD | ||||
| No | 286 (86.7) | 227 (93.4) | 59 (67.8) | < .001c , h |
| Yes | 40 (12.1) | 14 (5.8) | 26 (29.9) | |
| Depression and anxiety | ||||
| No | 280 (84.8) | 217 (89.3) | 63 (72.4) | <.001c , h |
| Yes | 48 (14.5) | 24 (9.9) | 24 (27.6) | |
| Anxiety and ADHD | ||||
| No | 314 (95.2) | 239 (98.4) | 75 (86.2) | .001c , d |
| Yes | 14 (4.2) | 4 (1.6) | 10 (11.5) | |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; NA, not applicable.
a
Data are number (percentage) unless otherwise specified. Numbers may not add to total because of missing data.
b
Independent t test.
c
Pearson χ2.
d
P value between .001 and <.01.
e
P value between .01 and <.05.
f
All other races included Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and any other racial group.
g
Fisher exact test.
h
P < .001.