. 2022 Sep 16;130(9):097005. doi: 10.1289/EHP10295

Table 1.

Household and maternal characteristics at HAPIN baseline, by study site and intervention arm.

Variable	Guatemala		India		Peru		Rwanda
Variable	Control ( $lowercase italic n equals 400$ )	Intervention ( $lowercase italic n equals 400$ )	Control ( $lowercase italic n equals 399$ )	Intervention ( $lowercase italic n equals 400$ )	Control ( $lowercase italic n equals 402$ )	Intervention ( $lowercase italic n equals 396$ )	Control ( $uppercase italic n equals 404$ )	Intervention ( $uppercase italic n equals 394$ )
Household and kitchen characteristics
Household size	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
$Mean \pm SD$	$5.1 \pm 2.6$	$5.3 \pm 2.7$	$3.8 \pm 1.5$	$3.7 \pm 1.6$	$4.7 \pm 1.8$	$4.5 \pm 1.7$	$3.5 \pm 1.5$	$3.5 \pm 1.5$
Range	2–18	2–17	2–9	1–10	2–12	2–11	1–10	1–10
Missing	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
Access to electricity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
No	40 (10%)	46 (12%)	16 (4%)	12 (3%)	22 (5%)	24 (6%)	272 (72%)	213 (58%)
Yes	360 (90%)	354 (89%)	383 (96%)	388 (97%)	380 (95%)	372 (94%)	104 (28%)	156 (42%)
Missing	0	0	0	0	0	0	28	25
Kitchen volume ( $m^{3}$ )^a	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mean (SD)	$33.4 \pm 16.4$	$34.0 \pm 17.2$	$20.1 \pm 13.3$	$21.9 \pm 15.9$	$19.9 \pm 12.5$	$18.8 \pm 11.7$	$12.3 \pm 7.6$	$13.3 \pm 7.0$
Range	7–100	7–126	0–86	2–133	2–116	2–82	0–83	0–53
n	378	379	386	391	296	290	272	270
Missing	14	15	0	1	14	14	2	2
Roof in the kitchen	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
No	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	3 (1%)	88 (22%)	91 (23%)	124 (31%)	119 (30%)
Yes	395 (100%)	398 (100%)	398 (100%)	397 (99%)	312 (78%)	305 (77%)	279 (69%)	274 (70%)
Missing	4	1	0	0	2	0	1	1
Number of stoves	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
None	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	0 (0%)
One	138 (35%)	135 (34%)	271 (68%)	282 (71%)	105 (26%)	90 (23%)	248 (62%)	228 (58%)
Two or more	262 (66%)	265 (66%)	128 (32%)	118 (30%)	295 (74%)	304 (77%)	154 (38%)	165 (42%)
Missing	0	0	0	0	2	1	1	1
Primary stove has a chimney	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
No	310 (78%)	313 (78%)	397 (99%)	398 (100%)	249 (62%)	252 (64%)	382 (95%)	379 (96%)
Yes	90 (23%)	87 (22%)	2 (1%)	2 (1%)	152 (38%)	144 (36%)	21 (5%)	14 (4%)
Missing	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1
Primary fuel type	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cow dung	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	351 (88%)	346 (87%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Wood	394 (99%)	399 (100%)	399 (100%)	400 (100%)	48 (12%)	42 (11%)	323 (80%)	257 (65%)
Charcoal	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	72 (18%)	125 (32%)
Other	2 (1%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	2 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	8 (2%)	8 (2%)	11 (3%)
Missing	4	0	0	0	1	0	1	1
Primary stove location	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
In participant’s bedroom	18 (5%)	18 (5%)	78 (20%)	88 (22%)	5 (1%)	4 (1%)	6 (2%)	2 (1%)
Room immediately adjacent to the participant’s bedroom	194 (49%)	186 (47%)	143 (36%)	122 (31%)	31 (8%)	32 (8%)	9 (2%)	13 (3%)
Separated from the participant’s bedroom but inside the house	103 (26%)	122 (31%)	75 (19%)	73 (18%)	72 (18%)	74 (19%)	24 (6%)	19 (5%)
Outside the house (outdoors)	4 (1%)	7 (2%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	4 (1%)	86 (22%)	79 (20%)	125 (31%)	130 (34%)
In a separate building detached from the bedroom-main home	77 (19%)	64 (16%)	97 (25%)	109 (27%)	197 (50%)	202 (52%)	234 (59%)	217 (57%)
Other	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Missing	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
Primary light source	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Torch (battery)	5 (1%)	5 (1%)	4 (1%)	7 (2%)	4 (1%)	8 (2%)	90 (22%)	83 (21%)
Kerosene lamp	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	5 (1%)	9 (2%)	7 (2%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	0 (0%)	37 (9%)	22 (6%)
Solar light	0 (0%)	2 (1%)	2 (1%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	12 (3%)	11 (3%)	138 (34%)	119 (30%)
Electricity	361 (90%)	348 (87%)	384 (96%)	385 (96%)	371 (93%)	359 (91%)	88 (22%)	138 (35%)
Other	33 (8%)	40 (10%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	13 (3%)	18 (5%)	50 (12%)	31 (8%)
Missing	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1
Presence of smoker in home	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
No	378 (95%)	378 (95%)	265 (66%)	281 (70%)	397 (99%)	392 (99%)	381 (95%)	385 (98%)
Yes	22 (6%)	22 (6%)	134 (34%)	119 (30%)	3 (1%)	4 (1%)	22 (5%)	8 (2%)
Missing	0	0	0	0	2	0	1	1
Maternal characteristics
Age (y)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
$Mean \pm SD$	$25.0 \pm 4.5$	$24.5 \pm 4.4$	$23.9 \pm 3.9$	$24.0 \pm 3.7$	$25.4 \pm 4.6$	$25.6 \pm 4.3$	$27.3 \pm 4.5$	$27.3 \pm 4.3$
Range	18–35	18–35	18–35	18–35	18–35	18–35	18–35	18–35
Missing	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Occupation	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Household	377 (94%)	369 (92%)	213 (53%)	219 (55%)	67 (17%)	65 (16%)	22 (5%)	37 (9%)
Agriculture	0 (0%)	6 (2%)	170 (43%)	168 (42%)	303 (75%)	298 (75%)	322 (80%)	269 (68%)
Commercial	6 (2%)	11 (3%)	3 (1%)	1 ( $less than 1 percent$ )	60 (15%)	51 (13%)	62 (15%)	74 (19%)
Other or NA	16 (4%)	13 (3%)	13 (3%)	12 (3%)	22 (5%)	20 (5%)	25 (6%)	37 (9%)
Missing	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0

Note: —, no data; NA, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.

^{^a}

Kitchen with a dimension greater than $25 meters$ or less than $0.5 meter$ was considered unreasonable and a data entry error.