Table 2.

Summarized maternal exposures to ${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$, black carbon, and carbon monoxide by IRC and overall.

${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure (${\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	Guatemala		India		Peru		Rwanda		Overall
	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention
Baseline
Enrolled participants	400	400	399	400	402	396	404	394	1,605	1,590
n (% of enrolled)	373 (93)	360 (90)	358 (90)	357 (89)	327 (81)	331 (84)	364 (90)	353 (90)	1,422 (89)	1,401 (88)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$140\pm 133.0$	$153\pm 118.7$	$103.9\pm 100.1$	$127.1\pm 181.3$	$80.2\pm 94.8$	$89.5\pm 116.8$	$115.6\pm 97.2$	$108\pm 98.4$	$110.9\pm 110$	$120.1\pm 134.8$
Range	10.5–1,799	9.9–780.3	10.8–1,033.9	9.4–2,099.9	10.7–697.1	11.0–1,400.1	14.3–1,089.8	14.2–865.6	10.5–1,799	9.4–2,099.9
Median (IQR)	110.2 (63.3–176)	122.3 (65.8–200.2)	73.8 (46.7–123.3)	78.4 (47.9–142.9)	46.1 (15.2–108.5)	53.3 (22.8–111.2)	94 (58.6–144.8)	82.7 (47.8–134.1)	83.1 (45.9–141.4)	81.7 (45.9–150.8)
Postintervention visit 1
Enrolled participants	396	398	394	393	387	390	403	388	1,580	1,569
n (% of enrolled)	339 (86)	361 (91)	311 (79)	314 (80)	269 (70)	289 (74)	332 (82)	321 (83)	1,251 (79)	1,285 (82)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$133\pm 116.1$	$31.3\pm 33.4$	$102.9\pm 114.5$	$39.2\pm 39.1$	$64.5\pm 104.2$	$20.8\pm 19.3$	$108.9\pm 109.8$	$43.1\pm 32.3$	$104.4\pm 113.9$	$33.8\pm 33.1$
Range	9.9–681.7	9.6–459	10.5–890.3	10.4–300.8	9.9–1,116.8	9.6–258.8	14–1,093	14.2–283.9	9.9–1,116.8	9.6–459
Median (IQR)	98.4 (58.7–164.7)	23.3 (14.9–36.2)	67.3 (38.9–117.8)	28.7 (16.9–45.5)	31.4 (14.5–74.4)	14.6 (14.1–23.1)	79.6 (48.5–129.6)	33.6 (23.8–50)	71.5 (38.5–125.9)	24.1 (15.0–39.5)
Postintervention visit 2
Enrolled participants	392	391	390	391	368	385	401	385	1,551	1,552
n (% of enrolled)	317 (81)	330 (84)	284 (73)	293 (75)	219 (60)	264 (69)	318 (79)	289 (75)	1,138 (73)	1,176 (76)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$123.9\pm 99.5$	$33.4\pm 37.9$	$109.3\pm 123.5$	$36.5\pm 39.6$	$67\pm 124.7$	$28.1\pm 77.1$	$99.4\pm 77.9$	$45\pm 58.1$	$102.5\pm 107.7$	$35.8\pm 54.6$
Range	10.3–689.3	9.7–441.8	10.4–793.8	5.7–462.5	10.2–1,208.4	10.5–850.8	14.6–664.7	12.5–751.7	10.2–1,208.4	5.7–850.8
Median (IQR)	93.6 (53.6–168.2)	23.8 (16.3–38.5)	68.2 (36.3–129.3)	25.3 (16.9–41.8)	24.7 (14.5–57.9)	14.6 (13.9–18.6)	79.9 (45.9–128.1)	28.2 (23.6–49.1)	69.5 (36.5–130.8)	23.7 (14.9–39.7)

BC exposure (${\mu \mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	Guatemala		India		Peru		Rwanda		Overall
	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention
Baseline
Enrolled participants	400	400	399	400	402	396	404	394	1,605	1,590
n (% of enrolled)	343 (86)	332 (83)	351 (88)	348 (87)	289 (72)	307 (78)	289 (72)	280 (71)	1,272 (79)	1,267 (80)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$13\pm 7.5$	$13.4\pm 10.7$	$12.3\pm 9.9$	$13.5\pm 12.6$	$11\pm 11.6$	$11.6\pm 11.2$	$13\pm 8.4$	$11.5\pm 8.8$	$12.4\pm 9.4$	$12.6\pm 11$
Range	2.5–95.6	2.6–132.6	0.7–73.2	0.6–102.7	1.5–74.9	1.5–75.3	2.7–70.4	2.7–76.9	0.7–95.6	0.6–132.6
Median (IQR)	12.1 (9.1–15.3)	11.7 (9.4–14.8)	9.4 (5.5–15.7)	9.8 (5.5–16.4)	7.9 (2.3–15.7)	8.7 (3.6–15.5)	11.8 (8.3–15.6)	9.7 (6.6–14.2)	10.8 (6.8–15.5)	10.5 (6.2–15.3)
Postintervention visit 1
Enrolled participants	396	398	394	393	387	390	403	388	1,580	1,569
n (% of enrolled)	330 (83)	359 (90)	304 (77)	305 (78)	246 (64)	268 (69)	307 (76)	294 (76)	1,187 (75)	1,226 (78)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$12.3\pm 6.6$	$4.9\pm 7.5$	$11.1\pm 10.3$	$3.5\pm 4.7$	$8.5\pm 10.1$	$1.9\pm 1.1$	$11.8\pm 10.6$	$5.3\pm 5$	$11.1\pm 9.6$	$4\pm 5.5$
Range	2.6–52.9	2.2–131.5	0.7–98.5	0.7–44.6	1.4–73.6	1.4–13.8	2.8–122	2.6–54.7	0.7–122	0.7–131.5
Median (IQR)	11.5 (8.1–15.1)	2.7 (2.6–5.3)	8.9 (4.5–14.5)	2.1 (1.1–3.6)	4.4 (1.6–12.1)	1.6 (1.5–1.6)	10 (7–13.9)	4.2 (2.9–5.9)	9.7 (5.3–14.4)	2.7 (1.6–4.7)
Postintervention visit 2
Enrolled participants	392	391	390	391	368	385	401	385	1,551	1,552
n (% of enrolled)	310 (79)	326 (83)	277 (71)	289 (74)	201 (55)	242 (63)	291 (73)	277 (72)	1,079 (70)	1,134 (73)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$11.9\pm 7.1$	$5\pm 4.9$	$11.8\pm 12.3$	$4.2\pm 7.6$	$8.7\pm 13.8$	$2\pm 1.8$	$11.2\pm 7.1$	$5.5\pm 4.9$	$11.1\pm 10.2$	$4.3\pm 5.4$
Range	2.5–88.1	2.5–64.8	0.7–97.8	0.6–105.2	1.3–123.5	1.4–14.5	2.8–61.5	2.5–44	0.7–123.5	0.6–105.2
Median (IQR)	11.1 (8.4–14.5)	2.9 (2.6–5.7)	8.2 (4.4–14)	2.5 (1.5–4.1)	3.7 (1.6–10.8)	1.6 (1.5–1.6)	10.3 (6.4–13.7)	3.8 (2.9–6.2)	9.6 (5.2–13.7)	2.8 (1.7–4.8)

CO exposure (ppm)	Guatemala		India		Peru		Rwanda		Overall
	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention
Baseline
Enrolled participants	400	400	399	400	402	396	404	394	1,605	1,590
n (% of enrolled)	382 (96)	375 (94)	372 (93)	373 (93)	333 (83)	326 (82)	360 (89)	356 (90)	1,447 (90)	1,430 (90)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$2\pm 3.7$	$2.1\pm 2.3$	$1.8\pm 3.6$	$1.7\pm 2.6$	$3.5\pm 5$	$4.4\pm 7.5$	$2\pm 3.3$	$3\pm 4.8$	$2.3\pm 4$	$2.7\pm 4.8$
Range	0.0–60.2	0.0–21.7	0.0–46.9	0.0–31.6	0.0–54.3	0.0–69.5	0.0–29.6	0.0–44.4	0.0–60.2	0.0–69.5
Median (IQR)	1.3 (0.5–2.5)	1.4 (0.6–2.8)	0.8 (0.3–1.9)	0.9 (0.3–2.1)	1.9 (0.7–4.3)	1.9 (0.8–4.8)	1.1 (0.5–2.0)	1.2 (0.5–3.0)	1.2 (0.5–2.5)	1.3 (0.5–3.0)
Postintervention visit 1
Enrolled participants	396	398	394	393	387	390	403	388	1,580	1,569
n (% of enrolled)	355 (90)	363 (91)	352 (89)	347 (88)	269 (70)	264 (68)	335 (83)	341 (88)	1,311 (83)	1,315 (84)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$1.9\pm 2.2$	$0.5\pm 1$	$1.9\pm 3.2$	$0.4\pm 1.4$	$3.3\pm 6.7$	$1.4\pm 2.4$	$2.1\pm 3.3$	$0.6\pm 1.2$	$2.2\pm 4.1$	$0.7\pm 1.5$
Range	0.0–21.7	0.0–11.9	0.0–24.7	0.0–17.3	0.0–64.2	0.0–23.9	0.0–25.9	0.0–9.3	0.0–64.2	0.0–23.9
Median (IQR)	1.2 (0.5–2.5)	0.1 (0–0.5)	0.8 (0.2–2.1)	0 (0–0.3)	1.2 (0.3–3.4)	0.7 (0.2–1.8)	1 (0.4–2.1)	0.2 (0.1–0.7)	1.1 (0.4–2.5)	0.2 (0–0.7)
Postintervention visit 2
Enrolled participants	392	391	390	391	368	385	401	385	1,551	1,552
n (% of enrolled)	336 (86)	344 (88)	320 (82)	313 (80)	212 (58)	250 (65)	345 (86)	320 (83)	1,213 (78)	1,227 (79)
$\text{Average}\pm \text{SD}$	$1.7\pm 2.1$	$0.6\pm 1.1$	$2\pm 3.8$	$0.4\pm 0.9$	$3.5\pm 6.3$	$1.2\pm 2.1$	$2.2\pm 3.6$	$0.6\pm 1$	$2.2\pm 4$	$0.7\pm 1.3$
Range	0.0–14.4	0.0–8.9	0.0–35.9	0.0–6.9	0.0–43.7	0.0–21.2	0.0–26.4	0.0–6.7	0.0–43.7	0.0–21.2
Median (IQR)	1.2 (0.4–2.2)	0.2 (0–0.6)	0.7 (0.1–2.2)	0 (0–0.2)	1.5 (0.5–3.3)	0.6 (0.1–1.3)	1.1 (0.4–2.2)	0.2 (0.1–0.7)	1.1 (0.3–2.3)	0.2 (0–0.7)

Note: “Enrolled participants” are the number of pregnant women participating in each IRC and treatment arm at each measurement round. Deviations from the overall number of participants at baseline are due to study exits. In addition, “n” is the number of valid, nonmissing measurements by IRC, treatment arm, and measurement round. “% of enrolled” is “n”/“Enrolled participants.” BC, black carbon; CO, carbon monoxide; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.