TABLE 11.

Characteristics and metabolic parameters of female adult offspring culled on postnatal day 100 according to the maternal diet (control or high-fat diet) and the gel treatment during pregnancy [fish oil or control (no oil gel)].

	Maternal control diet		Maternal high-fat diet		Effect of diet	Effect of treatment	Diet vs. treatment interaction
	Control	Fish oil	Control	Fish oil	p1	p1	p1
n	15	15	12	12
Weight (g)	262.7 (5.4)	282 (6.5)	268.7 (5.8)	288.8 (11.4)	0.18	0.03	0.72
Liver weight (% body weight)	2.6 (0.1)	2.7 (0.1)	2.7 (0.1)	2.5 (0.1)	0.19	0.49	0.04
Retroperitoneal fat (% body weight)	1.3 (0.1)	1.2 (0.1)	1.2 (0.1)	1.4 (0.1)	0.68	0.40	0.08
Glucose homeostasis
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	5.3 (0.1)	5.9 (0.2)	5.2 (0.2)	5.6 (0.2)	0.28	0.03	0.41
Fasting insulin (pmol/l)	137 (23)	241 (54)	476 (116)**	342 (69)	0.001	0.43	0.15
HOMA-IR	1.9 (0.3)	3.5 (0.8)	6.0 (1.3)*	4.9 (1.1)	0.001	0.76	0.24
Biochemical analyses
ALP (U/l)	52.3 (4.8)	68.5 (3.8)*	59.0 (3.6)	61.8 (3.9)	0.54	0.06	0.33
ALT (U/l)	43.9 (3.1)	52.4 (4.8)	41.9 (3.2)	51.2 (4.2)	0.51	0.09	0.64
AST (U/l)	129.4 (14.9)	182.8 (29.0)	129.4 (6.2)	160.1 (17.6)	0.81	0.04	0.81
Free fatty acids (mmol/l)	0.60 (0.03)	0.74 (0.05)	0.69 (0.03)	0.64 (0.03)	0.82	0.24	0.01
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.1 (0.1)	2.0 (0.1)	2.1 (0.1)	2.2 (0.1)	0.39	0.93	0.47
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.7 (0.1)	1.5 (0.1)	1.7 (0.1)	1.7 (0.1)	0.48	0.77	0.45
LDL-C (mmol/l)	0.3 (0.02)	0.3 (0.02)	0.3 (0.02)	0.2 (0.02)	0.81	0.95	0.71
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.70 (0.04)	0.76 (0.09)	0.71 (0.08)	0.77 (0.10)	0.88	0.32	0.42
Other
Leptin (ng/ml)	2.7 (0.3)	3.4 (0.2)	2.5 (0.1)	3.2 (0.6)	0.40	0.01	0.96
Adiponectin (ng/ml)	7306 (658)	6695 (401)	6070 (475)	8042 (482)	0.98	0.21	0.05

Data are means (SE). p values ≤ 0.05 are bold. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005 vs. Con-Con. p¹ represents p-value of two-way ANOVA with factors including diet and treatment interaction.