TABLE 9.
Heart mass and 2D Echocardiography data of the subgroup of male and female adult offspring according to the maternal diet (control or high-fat diet) and the gel treatment during pregnancy [fish oil or control (no oil gel)].
| Maternal control diet | Maternal high-fat diet | Effect of diet | Effect of treatment | Diet vs. treatment interaction | |||
|
|
|
|
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| Control | Fish oil | Control | Fish oil | p1 | p1 | p1 | |
| n | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | |||
| Male adult offspring | |||||||
| Heart mass (% body weight) | 0.29 (0.01) | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.29 (0.01) | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.72 |
| 2D Echocardiography | |||||||
| Heart rate (BPM) | 362.9 (27.4) | 353.1 (11.3) | 341.4 (15.5) | 343.3 (10.9) | 0.37 | 0.82 | 0.73 |
| LV systolic diameter (mm/kg BW)¥ | 6.9 (1.2) | 8.4 (0.6) | 7.6 (0.9) | 7.9 (2.7) | 0.88 | 0.23 | 0.42 |
| LV diastolic diameter (mm/kg BW)¥ | 13.9 (0.9) | 14.0 (0.7) | 13.3 (1.1) | 13.8 (0.5) | 0.65 | 0.71 | 0.78 |
| Stroke volume (μl) | 162.5 (24.7) | 175.7 (15.4) | 134.6 (13.4)# | 178.7 (10.2)‡ | 0.49 | 0.05 | 0.39 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 80.6 (5.0) | 68.6 (3.1)* | 73.4 (3.1) | 72.0 (2.4) | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.14 |
| Fractional shortening (%) | 51.4 (4.9) | 39.9 (2.8) | 43.6 (2.6) | 42.9 (2.2) | 0.42 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
| Cardiac output (ml/min) | 57.8 (8.2) | 61.3 (5.2) | 45.4 (4.2) | 61.4 (3.8)‡ | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.30 |
| Female adult offspring | |||||||
| Heart mass (% body weight) | 0.35 (0.01) | 0.35 (0.02) | 0.36 (0.01) | 0.34 (0.01) | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.51 |
| 2D Echocardiography | |||||||
| Heart rate (BPM) | 360.6 (10.8) | 366.9 (7.1) | 352.6 (8.0) | 386.0 (9.1) | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
| Systolic diameter (mm/g BW)¥ | 10.2 (0.8) | 13.7 (1.2)* | 12.1 (1.3)# | 9.7 (1.3) | 0.35 | 0.63 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic diameter (mm/g BW)¥ | 20.2 (1.3) | 22.1 (1.5) | 20.5 (1.8) | 18.6 (0.7) | 0.29 | 0.99 | 0.21 |
| Stroke volume (μl) | 103.9 (12.5) | 140.0 (26.1) | 110.4 (17.8) | 98.1 (9.5) | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.23 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 80.4 (2.3) | 65.6 (4.3)* | 70.9 (3.9)# | 78.3 (4.0) | 0.67 | 0.32 | 0.007 |
| Fractional shortening (%) | 49.8 (2.2) | 37.9 (3.9)* | 41.7 (3.4) | 49.1 (4.7) | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.01 |
| Cardiac output (ml/min) | 37.3 (4.4) | 51.0 (9.4)# | 38.8 (6.3) | 37.8 (3.8) | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.30 |
Heart mass was measured at postnatal day 100, while echocardiogram was performed on postnatal day 90. Data are Means (SE). BPM, beats per min; BW, body weight; LV, left ventricular. ¥Systolic and diastolic diameters were divided by body weight to obtain a ratio for analysis, so that the unit is mm/kg of body weight. P-values ≤ 0.05 are bold. *p < 0.05 vs. Con-Con, #p < 0.07 vs. Con-Con, ‡p < 0.07 vs. HF-Con. p1 represents p-value of two-way ANOVA with factors including diet and treatment interaction.