Table 2.
Study characteristics.
| First author, yearref | Study location and setting |
Methods used to study the reasons for incomplete vaccination |
Relevance score | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country (level: national, regional/state, local*) | Healthcare facility/community (rural/urban) | Person interviewed (child/adolescent target population) | Vaccine | Child vaccination status known | Collection methods (qualitative/quantitative) | Study outcome (non-vaccination, under-vaccination, both [simultaneously or separately]) | ||
| Abdulraheem, 201114 | Nigeria (local) | Community (rural) | Mothers (0–11 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, DTP, polio, measles, hepatitis B) | Yes | Quantitative | Under-vaccination | 4 |
| Abebe, 201915 | Ethiopia (local) | Community (both) | Mother or caregiver (12–23 months) | Measles | Quantitative: Yes Qualitative: No |
Both | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Adamu, 201916 | Nigeria (local) | Healthcare facility (urban) | Caregivers (0–23 months) | Routine vaccines (not specified) | No | Qualitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Atwiine, 201617 | Uganda (local) | Community (rural) | Caregivers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (not specified) | Yes | Quantitative | Under-vaccination | 3 |
| Babalola, 201112 | Nigeria (state) | Community (both) | Mothers (children) | Routine vaccines (not specified) | Yes | Qualitative | Both (separately) | 5 |
| Babirye, 201118 | Uganda (local) | Community (urban) | Mothers, fathers, those in charge of community mobilization for vaccination(<5 years) | Routine vaccines (not specified) | No | Qualitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Babirye, 201419 | Uganda (local) | Community (urban) | Mothers, fathers, those in charge of community mobilisation for vaccination (<5 years) |
Routine vaccines (not specified) | No | Qualitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Cockcroft, 201420 | Nigeria (state) | Community (both) | Mother or father (young children) | Measles | No | Qualitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Holte, 201221 | Malawi (local) | Community (rural) | Main person responsible for making decisions about childhood vaccination (18–59 months old) | Routine vaccines (not specified) | Yes | Quantitative | Under-vaccination | 3 |
| Itimi, 201222 | Nigeria (local) | Community (both) | Female head of households (<2 years) | Routine vaccines (BCG, OPV, DTP) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Kagoné, 201823 | Burkina Faso (local) | Community (rural) | Mothers of children <3 years, godmothers, community health workers, traditional healers | Routine vaccines (BCG, OPV, pentavalent, PCV, rotavirus, yellow fever, measles) | No | Qualitative | Under-vaccination | 3 |
| Kwedi Nolna, 201824 | Cameroon (local) | Community (urban) | Parents and guardians (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (not specified) | No | Both | Non-vaccination (quantitative) + Both (simultaneously, qualitative) |
4 |
| LaMontagne, 201125 | Uganda (local) | Community (not specified) | Any adult who could verify the girl’s vaccination status and respond accurately to survey questions (primary five class or 10 years old) | HPV | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 5 |
| Mbabazi, 201326 | South Sudan (national) | Community (both) | Mothers or caretakers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, DTP, OPV, measles) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 4 |
| Mekonnen, 201927 | Ethiopia (local) | Community (both) | Mothers or caregivers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, measles, rotavirus, pentavalent, OPV, PCV) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) + Under-vaccination (for one sub analysis) |
3 |
| Meyer, 201528 | Burkina Faso (national) | Community (both) | PsA: Parent or head of household (2–15 years) MCV: parent or guardian (12–23 months) |
Measles | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Michael, 201429 | Nigeria (local) | Community (both) | Caregiver (<5 years) | OPV | Yes | Both | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Michael, 201430 | Nigeria (local) | Community (both) | Caregiver (<5 years) | OPV | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 5 |
| Msyamboza, 201731 | Malawi (local) | Both (both) | School: girls 9-13 Community: parents/caregivers of adolescents (9–13 years) |
HPV | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Murele, 201432 | Nigeria (local) | Community (both) | Parents (children) | OPV | Yes | Qualitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Nabirye, 202033 | Uganda (local) | Community (both) | Adolescents 9–15 years | HPV | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Nguefack Dongmo, 201634 | Cameroon (local) | Community (urban) | Mothers (11–48 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, pentavalent, polio, yellow fever, measles) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Njeru, 201635 | Kenya (national) | Community (both) | Parents and guardians (<5 years old) | Polio | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Nsubuga, 201936 | Uganda (national) | Community (both) | Caretakers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, OPV, PCV, measles) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Okenwa, 201937 | Nigeria (state) | Healthcare facility (both) | Mothers (infants) | Hepatitis B birth dose | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Oladokun, 201038 | Nigeria (local) | Community (urban) | Mothers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, OPV, DTP, measles, hepatitis B, yellow fever) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 4 |
| Oria, 201339 | Kenya (local) | Community (both) | Questionnaire: head of households FGD : parents partially or non-vaccinated children (6m-10 years) |
Influenza | Yes | Both | Both (separately) | 3 |
| Porth, 201940 | Ethiopia (national) | Community (both) | Caregivers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, OPV, pentavalent, PCV, measles, rotavirus) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 4 |
| Sally, 201741 | Ghana (local) | Community (rural) | Mothers or guardians (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (DTP, BCG, OPV, PCV, MMR) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Sanni, 201942 | Nigeria (local) | Community (rural) | Parents or caregivers (0–11 months) | Routine vaccines (HepB0, OPV, BCG, pentavelent, PCV, IPV, measles, yellow fever) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 4 |
| Sato, 202043 | Nigeria (national) | Community (both) | Mothers or caregivers (<2 years old) | Routines vaccines (HepB0, BCG, OPV, pentavalent or DPT, PCV, IPV, measles, yellow fever) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (separately) | 5 |
| Tefera, 201844 | Ethiopia (local) | Community (urban) | Mothers (12–23 months) | Routine vaccines (BCG, pentavalent, Hib, PCV, rotavirus, OPV, measles) | Yes | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 4 |
| Thysen, 201445 | Guinea-Bissau (local) | Community (rural) | Mothers (<2 years) | BCG | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Vermandere, 201446 | Kenya (local) | Community (urban) | Mothers (9–14 years) | HPV | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 3 |
| Vonasek, 201647 | Uganda (local) | Community (rural) | Women 15–49 (<5 years) | Routine vaccines (Polio, pentavalent BCG) | No | Quantitative | Both (simultaneously) | 3 |
| Watson-Jones, 201248 | Tanzania (local) | Community (both) | Parents and children (14 years/class 6) | HPV | Yes | Quantitative | Non-vaccination | 4 |
| Zewdie, 201649 | Ethiopia (local) | Healthcare facility (both) | Mothers (6–11 months) | DTP | Yes | Qualitative | Under-vaccination | 4 |
*Town, municipality, district, county.
Note: Abbreviations: BCG = Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, DTP = diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, HepB0 = hepatitis B birth dose vaccine, Hib = haemophilus influenzae type B, HPV = human papillomavirus vaccine, IPV = inactivated polio vaccine, MMR = measles mumps rubella, OPV = oral polio vaccine, PCV = pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.