Table 3.

Summary of in vivo studies on the anti-colitis activity of arctigenin.

Model	In vivo studies	Potential molecular mechanisms	Ref.
DSS induction	50 mg/kg, DAI↓, MPO↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, MIP-2↓, MCP-1↓, MAdCAM-1↓, ICAM-1↓, VCAM-1↓, E-selectin↓, MDA↓, SOD↑, GSH↑	phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK, JNK, IκBα and p65↓,	[64]
	the differentiation of Th1 cells↓, IFN-γ↓, IL-17A↓, IL-17F↓, IL-21↓, IL-22↓, Th1↓, Th17↓	phosphorylation of genes p70S6K and RPS6↓, via mTORC1 pathway	[66]
TNBS induce	30 and 60 mg/kg, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓,	PI3K↓, AKT↓, NF-κB↓	[33]

^↓Reduce, inhibition or down-regulated.

^↑Increase or up-regulated.