TABLE 1.
Descriptive characteristics of cohort participants.
| Variables | Male | Female | P-value | ||
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| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | ||
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Age (years) | 1,678 | 17.72 (0.32) | 2,086 | 17.72 (0.34) | 0.876 |
| Height (m) | 1,667 | 1.79 (0.07) | 2,078 | 1.65 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
| *Weight (kg) | 1,670 | 70 (14.7) | 2,080 | 60.3 (13.3) | <0.0001 |
| Race- White (n,%) | 1,524 | 1,457 (95.6) | 1,879 | 1,803 (95.9) | 0.608 |
| Body composition | |||||
| *Total fat mass (kg) | 1,678 | 10.32 (9.9) | 2,086 | 19.1 (10.12) | <0.0001 |
| *Lean mass (kg) | 1,678 | 54.97 (8.2) | 2,086 | 37.94 (5.27) | <0.0001 |
| *Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1,667 | 21.6 (4.08) | 2,078 | 22.02 (4.32) | 0.001 |
| Metabolic profile | |||||
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1,247 | 1.18 (0.26) | 1,280 | 1.35 (0.31) | <0.0001 |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1,247 | 2.00 (0.56) | 1,280 | 2.21 (0.63) | <0.0001 |
| *Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1,247 | 0.74 (0.35) | 1,280 | 0.77 (0.37) | 0.082 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 1,247 | 5.16 (0.70) | 1,280 | 4.91 (0.50) | <0.0001 |
| *Insulin (mU/L) | 1,229 | 6.08 (4.26) | 1,255 | 7.33 (4.48) | <0.0001 |
| *HOMA-IR | 1,220 | 1.38 (1.04) | 1,252 | 1.61 (1.01) | <0.0001 |
| *High sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1,247 | 0.44 (0.69) | 1,280 | 0.67 (1.30) | <0.0001 |
| Vascular measures | |||||
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 1,678 | 63 (9) | 2,086 | 67 (10) | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1,678 | 120 (9) | 2,086 | 110 (8) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1,678 | 63 (6) | 2,086 | 65 (6) | <0.0001 |
| *Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 1,678 | 5.98 (0.84) | 2,086 | 5.47 (0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoked cigarettes (n, %) | 1,462 | 362 (24.8) | 1,812 | 521 (28.8) | 0.011 |
| MVPA (mins/day) | 678 | 56 (31) | 866 | 40 (23) | <0.0001 |
| Family history of H-D-C-V (n, %) | 1,677 | 485 (28.9) | 2,083 | 653 (31.4) | 0.108 |
The values are means (standard deviations) and *median (interquartile range) except for categorical variables in frequency and percentage. Differences between sexes were tested using Student’s t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, Mann–Whitney U test for skewed continuous variables, and Chi-square test for dichotomous variable. A 2-sided P-value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. H-D-C-V, hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; NA, not available/applicable; BP, blood pressure. p-value for sex difference.