Table 2.

Summary of the documented crossmodal correspondences involving roughness

Sensory domain	Main findings and relevant literature
Audiovisual	Auditory dissonance correlates with visual roughness and spikier images (Giannos et al., 2021; Liew et al., 2017; Liew et al., 2018). Dark/light colours associated with rough/less rough sounds (Sun et al., 2018).
Audiotactile	Low pitch matched with rough textures and high pitch with softness and with smooth textures (Eitan & Timmers, 2010; Etzi et al., 2016; Hamilton-Fletcher et al., 2018). Roughness tends to be associated with minor tonality (Murari et al., 2015). High vs. low music softness enhances consumers’ haptic softness perception (Imschloss & Kuehnl, 2019).
Visuotactile	Softness and smoothness matched to bright colours (i.e., yellow, pink, and white), while roughness matched to darker colours (i.e., black, brown, red and purple-red; Jraissati et al., 2016; Ludwig & Simner, 2013; Slobodenyuk et al., 2015).
Touch & Taste	Roughness associated with saltiness (Van Rompay & Groothedde, 2019; though see Wan et al., 2014). Biscuits tasted from roughers containers were rated as crunchier than those tasted from smooth containers (Biggs et al., 2016; Piqueras-Fiszman & Spence, 2012). Wine is judged to be significantly fruitier, sweeter, and more pleasant when tasters simultaneously touched smooth fabrics (Wang & Spence, 2018). Mineral water perceived as fresher, more pleasant, and lighter when contained in cups that felt smoother (Risso et al., 2019). Coffee tastes sweeter when sampled from a cup with a smooth, as opposed to a rough, surface. Coffee also rated as more acidic from the rough cup than when tasted from the smooth cup (Carvalho et al., 2020).
Touch & Olfaction	Fabric swatches judged as feeling softer in the presence of a pleasant odor (i.e., lemon or lavender) than in the presence of an unpleasant animal-like odour (Demattè et al., 2006, though see Koijck et al., 2015).
Auditory & Taste	Bitter taste mapped to rough and low-pitched sounds, whereas sweet tastes mapped to high pitched and smooth sounds (Knöferle et al., 2015). Saltiness associated with high auditory roughness (Wang et al., 2021).