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. 2022 Sep 16;9:571. doi: 10.1038/s41597-022-01584-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Maps illustrating the conversion of land cover to predicted landscape loading of agricultural pesticide use. Maps are shown for Pennsylvania in 2012 representing (a) input raster from the Cropland Data Layer, and output rasters illustrating (b) coverage in the underlying pesticide dataset, (c) bee toxic load for all insecticides combined on an oral-toxicity basis, (d) the insecticide imidacloprid, (e) the herbicide glyphosate, and (f) the fungicide mefenoxam. Resolution of maps was reduced for plotting.