Table 1.

Data inputs used in this study.

Description (units)	Source(s)	Scope & resolution
Pesticide use (kg)	USGS Pesticide National Synthesis Project: https://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/usage/maps/county-level/	>500 pesticide active ingredients
		Seed treatments excluded after 2014, and in California in all years
		Estimates for ten crops or crop groups and the 50 contiguous states in the US
		Annual (1992–2017)
Pesticide use (kg, kg/ac on treated acres; % acres treated)	USDA Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/	Major crops and pesticides
		Seed treatments excluded in all years
		State, regional, and national resolutions
		Annual for major crops and production areas; sporadic for minor crops (1990–2019)
Crop area (acres)	US Census of Agriculture: https://www.quickstats.nass.usda.gov/	All crops
		County, state, and national resolutions
		Every five years (1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017)
	USDA NASS Survey: https://www.quickstats.nass.usda.gov/	Major crops
		State, regional, and national resolutions
		Annual for major crops and production areas; sporadic for minor crops (1990–2017)
Honey bee acute toxicity (LD50, usually in µg/bee)	EPA ECOTOX Database: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/	Wide range of toxicological measurements reported in the dataset
	PPDB: Pesticides Properties Database: https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/	Wide range of toxicological measurements reported in the dataset
Land use/Land cover	USDA Cropland Data Layer: https://nassgeodata.gmu.edu/CropScape/	Dozens of crop species and seven non-agricultural land cover classes for the contiguous US
		30–56 m resolution
		Annual (2008–2020 for entire US; some states go back to early 2000s)