Table 2.
Summary data on rate ratios for unintentional traumatic injury, by benzodiazepine and related drug.
| Benzodiazepine and related drugsa | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alprazolam | Chlordiazepoxide | Clobazam | Clonazepam | Clorazepate | Diazepam | Eszopiclone | Flurazepam | |
| Unadjusted analyses | ||||||||
| Number of base pair-candidate interacting precipitant triads examined | 16,668 | 515 | 1 | 14,684 | 140 | 8206 | 3417 | 19 |
| Range of RRs after semi-Bayes shrinkage, min to max | 0.40–2.54 | 0.53–1.41 | 1.63–1.63 | 0.37–2.77 | 0.43–0.93 | 0.40–1.92 | 0.42–1.82 | 0.53–1.02 |
| Number of triads with statistically significantly elevated ratio of RRs | 17 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Confounder-adjusted analyses | ||||||||
| Number of base pair-candidate interacting precipitant triads examined | 13,685 | 154 | No valid modelsb | 12,887 | 9 | 6922 | 2262 | No valid modelsb |
| Range of RRs after semi-Bayes shrinkage, min to max | 0.38–2.48 | 0.64–1.50 | 0.33–3.01 | 0.46–0.58 | 0.37–2.10 | 0.42–1.89 | ||
| Number of triads with statistically significantly elevated ratio of RRs (i.e., potential 3DI signals) | 28 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Lorazepam | Oxazepam | Ramelteon | Suvorexant | Temazepam | Triazolam | Zaleplon | Zolpidem | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted analyses | ||||||||
| Number of base pair-candidate interacting precipitant triads examined | 13,911 | 1 | 524 | 694 | 5225 | 34 | 390 | 14,508 |
| Range of RRs after semi-Bayes shrinkage, min to max | 0.38–2.66 | 6.09–6.09 | 0.46–1.12 | 0.49–1.36 | 0.41–2.09 | 0.59–0.86 | 0.50–1.58 | 0.36–2.40 |
| Number of triads with statistically significantly elevated ratio of RRs | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Confounder-adjusted analyses | ||||||||
| Number of base pair-candidate interacting precipitant triads examined | 12,339 | No valid modelsb | No valid modelsb | 292 | 4300 | 10 | 32 | 12,231 |
| Range of RRs after semi-Bayes shrinkage, min to max | 0.39–2.54 | 0.60–1.44 | 0.39–1.91 | 0.95–1.36 | 0.59–1.26 | 0.38–2.49 | ||
| Number of triads with statistically significantly elevated ratio of RRs (i.e., potential 3DI signals) | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | ||
max, maximum; min, minimum; RR, rate ratio.
aEstazolam, quazepam, and tasimelteon were also examined but no models were run because none of the base pair-candidate interacting precipitant combinations had ≥ 5 exposed patients.
bModels were run, but none had valid results (i.e., either model did not converge or variance estimate > 10).