Table 1.
Bioinks and bioprinting strategies implemented for in situ printing.
| In situ printing strategy | Printing approach | Scanning method | Bioink | Ex vivo/in vivo model | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | Open-loop CT | Alginate for cartilage and gelatin + demineralized bone matrix for bone | Ex vivo: calf chondral and osteochondral defects | [1] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | NA | Fibrinogen + Collagen | In vivo: murine full thickness wound model | [30] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | NA | Thiolated HA + thiolated Gelatin + polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) | In vivo: murine full thickness wound model | [31] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | NA | GelMA + Laponite + methylcellulose | NA | [24] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | Closed-loop SLS | GelMA | In vivo: murine full thickness wound model (print on moving live animal) | [26] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | Open-loop SLS | PEGDA + Alginate | Ex vivo: porcine chondral and rabbit osteochondral defects | [3] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | Open-loop SLS | Alginate + Gelatin | NA | [63] |
| Automatic (robotic arm) | Extrusion | Open-loop SLS | GelMA + PEGDA + Alginate | In vivo: porcine long segmental bone defect | [28] |
| Automatic (robotic arm) | Extrusion | Open-loop SLS | HAMA + acrylated 4-arm PEG | In vivo: rabbit osteochondral defect | [27] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | Open-loop CT/MRI/SLS | Alginate + Nanocellulose | Ex vivo: Chondral defect | [2] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | Closed-loop SLS | Polyacrylamide + LiCl + ethylene glycol | Ex vivo: print on moving porcine lung | [27] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion | NA | Collagen + chitosan + nano-hydroxyapatite + β-Glycerophosphate + collagen sponges + BMP2-loaded chitosan nanoparticles + PDGF | In vivo: murine calvarial defect | [32] |
| Automatic (robotic arm) | Extrusion | NA | Self-assembling peptides | NA | [64] |
| Automatic (endoscopic bioprinting) | Extrusion | NA | Alginate + Gelatin | NA | [23] |
| Automatic (laparoscopic bioprinting) | Extrusion | Open-loop SLS and CT | HA + Pluronic F127 + PEDOT:PSS + Polycarbophil | Ex vivo: printing on porcine hart; In vivo: printing on rat liver | [25] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Extrusion/Inkjet | Open-loop SLS | Collagen + chitosan + nano-hydroxyapatite + β-Glycerophosphate + BMP2 for hard tissue and collagen + fibrinogen + KGF for soft tissue | In vivo: murine composite calvarial bone and skin defect | [38] |
| Automatic (robotic arm) | Inkjet | NA | PEGDA | NA | [40] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Inkjet | Open-loop SLS | Fibrinogen + Collagen | In vivo: murine and porcine full thickness wounds | [4] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | Inkjet | NA | Fibrinogen | In vivo: murine calvaria defect | [22] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | SLA | NA | GelMA | In vivo: murine VML model | [37] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | SLA | NA | 7-Hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylate (HCC)-PEG or HCC-gelatin | In vivo: printing inside mice dermis, skeletal muscle and brain | [36] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | SLA | Open-loop SLS | GelMA | Ex vivo: porcine muscle defect | [29] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | LAB | NA | Nano-hydroxyapatite solution | In vivo: murine calvarial defect | [35] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | LAB | NA | NA (cells were delivered in growth media) | in vivo: vascularization of murine calvarial defect | [65] |
| Automatic (frame-based) | LAB | NA | Collagen + nano-hydroxyapatite | In vivo: murine calvarial defect | [34] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + polyethylene glycol | NA | [51] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | HAMA + GelMA | NA | [47] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + gelatin + HA | NA | [66] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + HAMA | NA | [48] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + HAMA | In vivo: full thickness sheep chondral defect | [49] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | Collagen; Agarose + collagen; fibrinogen | Ex vivo: co-culture within bovine teeth | [50] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA | In vivo: murine VML injury | [54] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + VEGF | In vivo: porcine full thickness skin wounds | [12] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + Laponite + VEGF | Ex vivo: murine VML injury; in vivo: murine VML injury | [53] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | GelMA + PVA | In vivo: murine subcutaneous implantation and VML injury | [46] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | PCL + hydroxyapatite + ZnO | Ex vivo: porcine jaw bone and rat calvarial defect; In vivo: murine subcutaneous implantation | |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | Fibrinogen + HA | In vivo: porcine full-thickness burn injury | [45] |
| Handheld | Extrusion | Not required | Alginate + collagen; fibrinogen + HA + collagen | In vivo: porcine full-thickness skin injury | [52] |