TABLE 1.
Study | Design of study | Duration of study | Country | Patient population | Primary outcome | Antibiotic indication | Mode of AUC calculation | Target AUC (mg*h/L) | Target trough (mg/L) | AKI definition | Adjustment for confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D'Amico 2021 25 N = 1024 |
Retrospective, single center cohort study | 2015–2019 | USA | Obese | AKI for entire population and for subgroups by obesity class | N/A | Two‐level Pharmacokinetic equations | 400–600 | 15–20 | KDIGO, RIFLE classification | Multivariable regression analysis |
Eads 2021 26 N = 44 |
Retrospective quasi‐experimental | 2018–2019 | USA | Veterans | Safety and efficacy of AUC/MIC monitoring compared to a historical cohort | N/A | Trapezoidal rule | 400–600 | 15–20 | RIFLE and KDIGO | No |
Lines 2021 27 N = 156 |
Retrospective cohort | 2013–2017 | USA | Adult inpatients | Treatment failure a | MRSA infections | Institutional nomogram | N/A | 15–20 | Vancomycin consensus guidelines | No |
Muklewicz 2021 28 N = 636 |
Retrospective quasi‐experimental | 2019–2020 | USA | Adult inpatients | Incidence of vancomycin‐associated AKI in the total population | N/A | Excel‐based calculator | 400–600 | 15–20 | AKIN classification, RIFLE classification, vancomycin consensus guidelines | No |
Wolfe 2021 29 N = 254 |
Retrospective, observational, single center | 2017–2020 | USA | Obese | Comparison of the development of nephrotoxicity after vancomycin initiation | N/A | Excel‐based calculator | 400–600 | 10–20 | KDIGO, RIFLE classification | No |
Oda 2020 30 N = 74 |
Retrospective cohort | 2016–2020 | Japan | Adult med‐surg | Incidence of AKI and 30‐day survival rate | N/A | Bayesian | 400–600 | 15–20 | AKIN classification, RIFLE classification | Multivariable regression analysis |
Vali 2020 31 N = 243 |
Retrospective quasi‐experimental | 2017–2019 | UK | Vascular surgery | Comparison of AUC24 values for the two groups a | N/A | Bayesian | 350–450 | 10–20 | KDIGO | No |
Meng 2019 34 N = 296 |
Prospective cohort | 2017–2018 | USA | Hospitalized adults | Achievement of therapeutic AUC values in the postimplementation group or therapeutic trough levels in the preimplementation group a | N/A | Trapezoidal rule | 400–800 | 10–20 | Vancomycin consensus guidelines | No |
Neely 2018 32 N = 252 |
Prospective cohort | 2012–2016 | USA | Adult inpatients | Determination of the proportion of all available trough concentrations that were therapeutic versus the proportion of all corresponding AUCs a | N/A | Bayesian | 400–800 | 10–20 | Vancomycin consensus guidelines | No |
Finch 2017 33 N = 1280 |
Retrospective quasi‐experimental | 2014–2015 | USA | Hospitalized patients | Comparative rate of acute kidney injury | N/A | Trapezoidal rule | 400–600 | 15–20 | AKIN classification, RIFLE classification, vancomycin consensus guidelines | Multivariable regression analysis |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; AKIN, Acute Kidney Injury Network; AUC, area under the curve; KDIGO, Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MRSA, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus; N/A, not available; RIFLE, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End‐stage kidney disease.
These studies did not report AKI as a primary outcome.