TABLE 2.
Assessment of bias in the included studies using ROBINS‐I
| Study | Bias of confounding variables | Bias of selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification from intended intervention | Bias due to deviation from intended intervention | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of reporting results | Overall assessment of high degree of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D'Amico 2021 25 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | I |
| Eads 2021 26 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | I |
| Lines 2021 27 | High | High | High | Low | High | Moderate | High | IIIII a |
| Muklewicz 2021 28 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | I |
| Wolfe 2021 29 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | I |
| Oda 2020 30 | High | High | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | II |
| Vali 2020 31 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | I |
| Meng 2019 34 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | I |
| Neely 2018 32 | High | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | I |
| Finch 2017 33 | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | I |
a
Overall high risk of bias, as defined by high risk of bias in 3 or more categories.