Table 2.
Factors associated with receipt of HCC surveillance
| Consistent Surveillance | Any (Consistent or Inconsistent) Surveillance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
| Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value |
| Female Sex (Ref. Male) | 1.82 (1.56 to 2.13) | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.59 to 2.24) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.25 to 1.60) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.32 to 1.73) | <0.001 |
| Age | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.96) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.98) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95 to 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.99) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.13 (0.84 to 1.54) | 0.42 | 0.74 (0.53 to 1.04) | 0.09 | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.04) | 0.12 | 0.61 (0.48 to 0.78) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic API/Others | 2.24 (1.85 to 2.71) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.26 to 1.99) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.18 to 1.64) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.38) | 0.19 |
| Hispanic | 1.59 (1.28 to 1.99) | <0.001 | 1.11 (0.87 to 1.42) | 0.39 | 1.52 (1.26 to 1.82) | <0.001 | 1.17 (0.96 to 1.42) | 0.13 |
| Census Poverty Level | ||||||||
| <5% | ref | ref | ref | Ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 5% to <10% | 0.88 (0.70 to 1.11) | 0.28 | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.16) | 0.44 | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.06) | 0.17 | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.04) | 0.13 |
| 10% to <20% | 0.88 (0.71 to 1.09) | 0.23 | 0.85 (0.67 to 1.07) | 0.17 | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.96) | 0.02 |
| 20% to 100% | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.07) | 0.18 | 0.83 (0.64 to 1.06) | 0.14 | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.08) | 0.30 | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) | 0.10 |
| Rural-Urban | ||||||||
| Metro > 1 million | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Metro 250k to 1 million | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.90) | 0.003 | 0.83 (0.67 to 1.03) | 0.10 | 0.90 (0.77 to 1.04) | 0.15 | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.16) | 0.91 |
| Metro < 250k | 0.52 (0.37 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.47 to 0.96) | 0.03 | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.15) | 0.49 | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.38) | 0.44 |
| Non-Metro/Rural | 0.54 (0.41 to 0.71) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.57 to 1.04) | 0.09 | 0.72 (0.60 to 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.09) | 0.29 |
| NCI comorbidity index | ||||||||
| Low (0 to 2) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Moderate (>2 to 4) | 0.77 (0.61 to 0.97) | 0.03 | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.11) | 0.25 | 1.30 (1.10 to 1.55) | 0.002 | 1.43 (1.19 to 1.71) | <0.001 |
| High (>4) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.07) | 0.14 | 1.01 (0.76 to 1.35) | 0.92 | 1.37 (1.13 to 1.67) | 0.002 | 1.54 (1.25 to 1.90) | <0.001 |
| Etiology | ||||||||
| HCV | ref | ref | Ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| NAFLD | 0.15 (0.12 to 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.17 to 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.34 (0.30 to 0.40) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.32 to 0.44) | <0.001 |
| ALD | 0.46 (0.37 to 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.42 to 0.67) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.57 to 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.81) | <0.001 |
| HBV | 0.84 (0.62 to 1.15) | 0.29 | 0.77 (0.55 to 1.08) | 0.13 | 0.70 (0.52 to 0.94) | 0.02 | 0.70 (0.51 to 0.96) | 0.03 |
| Others/None | 0.21 (0.15 to 0.31) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.24 to 0.53) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.24 to 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.44 (0.34 to 0.56) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.28) | 0.33 | 1.27 (1.05 to 1.53) | 0.01 | 1.43 (1.26 to 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.35 to 1.79) | <0.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 6.04 (4.47 to 8.14) | <0.001 | 3.46 (2.49 to 4.81) | <0.001 | 2.64 (2.32 to 3.00) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.75 to 2.46) | <0.001 |
| Ascites | 1.41 (1.21 to 1.64) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.66 to 0.94) | 0.007 | 1.29 (1.15 to 1.45) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.59 to 0.80) | <0.001 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 2.30 (1.93 to 2.75) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.38 to 2.04) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.75 to 2.45) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.19 to 1.72) | <0.001 |
ALD, alcoholic liver disease; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; API, Asian/Pacific Islander; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; Metro, metropolitan; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NCI, National Cancer Institute; OR, odds ratio; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; TARE, transarterial radioembolization.