Table 3.
Factors associated with early-stage detection and curative treatments among HCC patients.
| Early-stage HCC* | Curative treatments** | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
| Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value |
| Female sex (Ref. Male) | 1.45 (1.25 to 1.68) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.31 to 1.77) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.05 to 1.38) | 0.009 | 1.22 (1.05 to 1.42) | 0.01 |
| Age | 0.97 (0.96 to 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.008 | 0.93 (0.92 to 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.92 to 0.94) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.69 (0.51 to 0.93) | 0.02 | 0.52 (0.37 to 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.47 to 0.83) | 0.001 | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic API/Others | 1.29 (1.07 to 1.56) | 0.008 | 0.98 (0.79 to 1.22) | 0.87 | 1.66 (1.40 to 1.96) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.58) | 0.02 |
| Hispanic | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.46) | 0.10 | 1.01 (0.81 to 1.25) | 0.94 | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.05) | 0.13 | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.93) | 0.01 |
| Census Poverty Level | ||||||||
| <5% | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| 5% to <10% | 0.92 (0.75 to 1.14) | 0.46 | 0.94 (0.76 to 1.17) | 0.59 | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.89) | 0.002 | 0.76 (0.62 to 0.94) | 0.01 |
| 10% to <20% | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.17) | 0.67 | 0.97 (0.79 to 1.19) | 0.76 | 0.66 (0.55 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.53 to 0.79) | <0.001 |
| 20% to 100% | 0.93 (0.75 to 1.14) | 0.46 | 0.98 (0.78 to 1.22) | 0.85 | 0.68 (0.57 to 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.58 to 0.89) | 0.003 |
| Rural-Urban | ||||||||
| Metro > 1 million | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Metro 250k to 1 million | 0.93 (0.78 to 1.12) | 0.44 | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.15) | 0.65 | 0.98 (0.83 to 1.16) | 0.83 | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.22) | 0.84 |
| Metro < 250k | 0.76 (0.57 to 1.00) | 0.048 | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.09) | 0.18 | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.94) | 0.02 | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.16) | 0.37 |
| Non-Metro/Rural | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.93) | 0.01 | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.05) | 0.11 | 0.68 (0.55 to 0.85) | 0.001 | 0.77 (0.60 to 0.98) | 0.04 |
| NCI comorbidity index | ||||||||
| Low (0 to 2) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Moderate (>2 to 4) | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.90) | 0.004 | 0.79 (0.63 to 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.66 (0.54 to 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.64 to 0.99) | 0.04 |
| High (>4) | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.15) | 0.41 | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.35) | 0.65 | 0.40 (0.30 to 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.36 to 0.64) | <0.001 |
| Etiology | ||||||||
| HCV | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| NAFLD | 0.46 (0.39 to 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.40 to 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.47 to 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.62 to 0.91) | 0.003 |
| ALD | 0.78 (0.64 to 0.95) | 0.01 | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.15 | 0.65 (0.54 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.95) | 0.02 |
| HBV | 1.02 (0.75 to 1.39) | 0.92 | 0.99 (0.71 to 1.37) | 0.96 | 1.53 (1.16 to 2.03) | 0.003 | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.81) | 0.09 |
| Others/None | 0.61 (0.46 to 0.81) | 0.001 | 0.68 (0.51 to 0.92) | 0.01 | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.88) | 0.003 | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.19) | 0.45 |
| Diabetes | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.13) | 0.75 | 1.13 (0.96 to 1.33) | 0.16 | 0.97 (0.85 to 1.12) | 0.72 | 1.17 (0.99 to 1.37) | 0.06 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.58 (1.33 to 1.88) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.25 to 1.90) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.06 to 1.45) | 0.006 | 1.28 (1.05 to 1.56) | 0.01 |
| Ascites | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.88) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.47 to 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.54 to 0.70) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.48 to 0.66) | <0.001 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.34) | 0.22 | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.26) | 0.74 | 0.76 (0.63 to 0.91) | 0.003 | 0.74 (0.60 to 0.91) | 0.004 |
| Early-stage HCC * | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3.64 (3.14 to 4.23) | <0.001 | 3.25 (2.77 to 3.81) | <0.001 |
ALD, alcoholic liver disease; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; API, Asian/Pacific Islander; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; Metro, metropolitan; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NCI, National Cancer Institute; OR, odds ratio; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; TARE, transarterial radioembolization.
*
Single lesion ≤5 cm without vascular invasion or metastasis.
**
Local ablation, resection, and liver transplant.