Table 4.
Factors associated with overall survival among HCC patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | HR (95% CI) | P value | aHR (95% CI) | P value |
| Female Sex (Ref. Male) | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.92) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) | 0.050 |
| Age | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.01 (0.89 to 1.15) | 0.86 | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.13) | 0.81 |
| Non-Hispanic API/Others | 0.65 (0.59 to 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.74 to 0.92) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.04) | 0.22 | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.97) | 0.009 |
| Census Poverty Level | ||||
| <5% | ref | Ref | ref | ref |
| 5% to <10% | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) | 0.01 | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.16) | 0.33 |
| 10% to <20% | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.24) | 0.02 | 1.05 (0.95 to 1.15) | 0.36 |
| 20% to 100% | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.26) | 0.009 | 1.11 (1.00 to 1.24) | 0.050 |
| Rural-Urban | ||||
| Metro > 1 million | Ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Metro 250k to 1 million | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.25) | 0.001 | 1.16 (1.06 to 1.26) | 0.001 |
| Metro < 250k | 1.23 (1.09 to 1.39) | 0.001 | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.17) | 0.58 |
| Non-Metro/Rural | 1.28 (1.15 to 1.42) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.22) | 0.11 |
| NCI comorbidity index | ||||
| Low (0 to 2) | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Moderate (>2 to 4) | 1.23 (1.11 to 1.35) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19) | 0.14 |
| High (>4) | 1.60 (1.43 to 1.78) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.14 to 1.43) | <0.001 |
| Etiology | ||||
| HCV | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| NAFLD | 1.37 (1.27 to 1.49) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.09 to 1.32) | <0.001 |
| ALD | 1.36 (1.24 to 1.50) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.21) | 0.08 |
| HBV | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.03) | 0.10 | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.28) | 0.39 |
| Others/None | 1.21 (1.06 to 1.38) | 0.004 | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.25) | 0.24 |
| Diabetes | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 0.01 | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.09) | 0.80 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.06 (0.98 to 1.14) | 0.16 | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) | 0.90 |
| Ascites | 1.78 (1.67 to 1.91) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.68 to 1.97) | <0.001 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.68) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.31 to 1.58) | <0.001 |
| Surveillance Type | ||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Inconsistent | 0.68 (0.63 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.70 to 0.81) | <0.001 |
| Consistent | 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.58 to 0.73) | <0.001 |
| Early-stage HCC * | 0.46 (0.42 to 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.57 (0.52 to 0.62) | <0.001 |
| Curative treatment ** | 0.27 (0.25 to 0.30) | <0.001 | 0.32 (0.29 to 0.35) | <0.001 |
aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; API, Asian/Pacific Islander; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HR, hazard ratio; Metro, metropolitan; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NCI, National Cancer Institute; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization; TARE, transarterial radioembolization.
*
Single lesion ≤5 cm without vascular invasion or metastasis.
**
Local ablation, resection, and liver transplant.